They set standard for drug strength, quality, purity, packaging, safety, labeling and dosage form.它们规定了药品的药力、质量、纯度、包装、安全、商标和剂型的标准。
In Canada, the British Pharmacopoeia, BP, sets similar standards.加拿大使用《英国药典》规定了类似的标准。
With the standards, physicians, nurses and pharmacists can make sure that patients get pure drugs in safe and effective dosages.医护人员和药剂师依据它们可以保证患者服用安全、有效的纯净药物。
purity. Manufacturers must meet purity standards. The standards refer to the type and concentration of extraneous substances that are allowed in drug products.纯净度。生产商生产药品必须达到纯度标准。标准中规定了药品的剂型和和非活性成分的浓度。
potency. The concentration of active drug in the preparation affects the strength or potency.药效。药品中活性药物成分的浓度决定药品的药力和药效。
bioavailability. The ability of a drug to be released from its dosage form, and resolved, absorbed, and transported by the body to its site of action.生物有效性。这是指药品从其药剂形式溶解吸收,并被输送到体内作用部位过程中的利用度。
efficacy. Detailed laboratory studies can help determine a drug's effectiveness.药效。药品的效果需要经过精细的实验室研究才能被确定。
safety. Drug should be continually evaluated to determine their side effects.安全性。药品需要被不但检验,以确定其副作用。
Have you ever had asthma?你有哮喘的病史吗?
Are you allergic to any drug or food, especially seafood?你是否对某种药物或者食物过敏,尤其是海鲜类食物?
Have you ever had an injection of X-ray contrast before?你之前注射过X射线造影剂吗?
Do you have heart disease?你有心脏疾病方面的病史吗?
Do you have kidney disease?那你是否得过肾病?
Are you diabetic?你是糖尿病患者吗
Are you taking any medications for diabetes at the moment?你现在有没有服用治疗糖尿病的相关药品?
Are you pregnant or breastfeeding?你是孕妇或者正处于哺乳期吗?
Kidneys serve as the body's filtering system, removing waste and excess water from the blood.肾是身体的过滤系统,能够清除血液中的废弃物和多余的水分。
If your kidneys are damaged or don't function properly, you may develop severe health problems.如果你的肾有所损伤或者无法正常工作,你的身体可能会出现严重的健康问题。
In the U.S., kidney disease affects about one in 10 adults and is the ninth-leading cause of death.在美国,有十分之一的成年人受肾病困扰,它也是第九大致死因素。
The most common risk factors are diabetes and high blood pressure.最普遍的患病因素是糖尿病和高血压。
Your chance of having kidney disease increases with age; it's most common in people over 70.随着年龄的增长,患肾病的可能性也会增加;它在70多岁的人群中最常见。
Kidney disease often develops slowly and has few warning signs, so if you have diabetes or high blood pressure, it's important to get regular care to keep them under control.肾病通常发展缓慢,少有预警信号,所以如果你有糖尿病或高血压,一定要定期接受治疗,控制病情。
Patient:This is my . Can you fill it for me,please?病人:这是我的,你能帮我配药吗?
Chemist:Certainly.药剂师:当然可以。
Patient:Thank you.病人:谢谢。
Chemist:You're welcome. Well,let me see. It will take about five minutes.药剂师:别客气。让我看看。大概需要五分钟的时间。
Patient:All right.病人:好的。
Chemist:OK. This is your herbal medicine.药剂师:好了,这是你所需要的中草药。
Patient:Could you tell me what I should do with it?病人:请您给我解释一下怎么熬这副中草药,好吗?
Chemist:Every morning soak one bad in 200 mls of cold water for one and a half hours, then heat it up quickly. As soon as it begins to boil, turn down the heat, and simmer for thirty minutes. Then turn off the heat. Leave it to cool, then pour out the liquid to drink. Be careful no to let any of the leaves go into the cup.药剂师:每天早晨打开一包,倒入500毫升冷水中浸泡一个半小时。然后用大火煮。煮至沸腾后把火关小。用文火熬30分钟,然后把火关掉。冷却后,到出服用。到出时当心不要把药渣倒入杯中。
Patient:It is quite complicated. By the way,can I use a steel pan?病人:还挺复杂的。顺便问一下,我能用普通的钢制锅熬药吗?
Chemist: No,you can't do that. You'd better use an earthenware pot.药剂师:不行,你还是用砂锅。
1.He feels headache, nausea and vomiting.他觉得头痛、恶心和想吐。
2.He is under the weather.他不舒服,生病了。
3.He began to feel unusually tired.他感到反常的疲倦?
4.He feels light-headed.他觉得头晕。
5.She has been shut-in for a few days.她生病在家几天了。
6.Her head is pounding.她头痛。
7.His symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, excessive fatigue, fever and chills.他的症状有食欲和体重减轻、非常疲倦、发烧和发冷。
8.He feels exhausted or fatigued most of the time.他大部份时间都觉得非常疲倦。
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