新概念第四册课文原文及翻译,新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson38

【课文】 　　First listen and then answer the following question. 　　听录音，然后回答以下问题。 　　What does this text describe? 　　Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with industrial or farm waste. Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap. Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect. 　　Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source. It is best to keep to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names -- international standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants. Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer. Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry. 　　Boiling is always a good way of treating water. Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth. Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available. Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source. 　　Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe. Drink can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them. 　　Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water. Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 per cent; below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible. Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol. Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous, and should never be added to drinking water. 　　If no other safe water supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink. Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe. 　　RICHARD DAWOOD Travellers' Health 　　【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 　　contamination n. 污染 　　sanitation n. 卫生，卫生设备 　　sewage n. 污水 　　leakage n. 泄漏 　　intermittent adj. 间歇的，断断续续的 　　carbonated adj. 碳化的，碳酸的 　　acidic adj. 酸的，酸性的 　　alcohol n. 酒精 　　disinfectant n. 消毒剂 　　sterilize v. 消毒 　　ethanol n. 乙醇 　　bactericidal adj. 杀菌的 　　negligible adj. 可以忽略的，微不足道的 　　methylated adj. 加入甲醇的 　　【课文注释】 　　1.be due to 因为, 由于 　　例句：His success was due to his industry and thrift. 　　他取得成功是由于他的勤俭。 　　Mr.Black bowed out of politics due to poor health. 　　布莱克先生由于健康不佳而退出政治生涯。 　　2.Intermittent adj. 间歇的, 断断续续的 　　例句：They saw the intermittent flashes from a lighthouse. 　　他们看见了灯塔发出一闪一灭的光。 　　There was intermittent debate about. 　　有过断断续续的辩论。 　　【词形变化】 　　adv. intermittently 　　n. intermittence 　　3.untreated water 未经处理的水 　　4.keep to 在本句意思为“局限于” 　　①坚持 　　例句：Keeping to a strict diet is a question of mind over matter. 　　坚持某一规定饮食，是毅力能否战胜物质诱惑的问题。 　　②遵守 　　例句：In England traffic must keep to the left. 　　在英国，车辆必须靠左行驶。 　　You have to keep to your promise. 　　你得遵守诺言。 　　5.international standards 国际标准 　　6.portable adj. 轻便的, 手提式的 　　例句：The portable device easily knocks down. 　　这种轻便装置容易拆卸。 　　The new portable computers are going like hot cakes. 　　新的便携式计算机卖得很快。 　　7.voltage n. 电压 　　8.Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made 冰块只是当制造冰块的水安全时才是安全的。 　　9.sterilize vt. 杀菌 　　例句：A dentist sterilizes his instruments. 　　牙科医生给他的器具消毒。 　　10.concentration 浓度 　　例句：Titanium is useful at low concentration only. 　　钛只在低浓度时起作用。 　　11.bactericidal action 杀菌能力 　　12.negligible adj. 可以忽略的, 微不足道的 　　例句：Details are negligible as far as I know. 　　我认为这些细节完全可以忽略。 　　His knowledge of geography is negligible. 　　他的地理知识少得可怜。 　　【词义辨析】 　　marginal, minor, negligible, minimal 这些形容词均含“不重要的、次要的”之意。 　　marginal : 指处于边缘，幅度、范围小，故价值或重要性不大。 　　minor : 多指与别的比较后显得不重要，或指较少、较小。 　　negligible : 指数量小，不重要，微不足道或可忽略不计。 　　minimal : 指最少、最低或最小。 　　13.spirits 强度 　　14.remote areas 偏远地区 　　remote adj. 遥远的, 偏僻的, 远程的 　　例句：Mail comes to this remote village only once a week. 　　邮车每周只到这个偏僻的村庄一次。 　　【词义辨析】 　　distant, far, remote 这些形容词都含有“远的”之意。 　　distant: 语意，强调距离。 　　far: 除特殊情况外，侧重长距离。也可用作引申意义。 　　remote: 侧重指偏离中心地带。 　　15.know about 知道......情况，了解 　　例句：I happened to know about him. 　　我正好了解一些他的情况。 　　I feel that I know about the value of my own work. 　　我觉得我知道自己工作的价值。 　　【参考译文】 　　水源的污染通常是由于接近水源的地方卫生条件太差而造成的：污水排入水源，污水渗入给水系统或工农业污水造成污染。即使管道供水系统在水源处安全的，等水到达龙头时就不一定总是安全的了。断断续续的水管应该被视为是非常可疑的。 　　短途旅行到水质不保险的地区时，应避免饮用水龙头的水或未经处理任何其他来源的水。仅饮用开水，瓶装或罐装水 -- 装瓶厂通常遵循国际水处理的标准。碳酸饮料是酸性的，就更安全一些。确保瓶子是当你面开启的，瓶口清洁干燥。 　　烧开一直是水处理的一种好办法。有的酒店根据要求可提供开水，这些开水可用于饮用和刷牙。如果有相配的电压，可以煮少量水的便携式热水装置是有用的。应谢绝任何不明来源的冷饮。 　　冰块只有当制造冰块的水安全时才是保险的，只有知道冰块安全时才能加入饮料。可以把饮料置于冰块之上来冷却，而不是把冰块加进饮料之中。 　　酒精可能是医学上的消毒剂，但决不可用来消毒饮用水。乙醇的浓度为50%至70%时比较有效，浓度低于20%时，杀菌能力基本上就不存在了。强度标为95的酒中含有47%的酒精。要提防甲基化酒精，那是剧毒的，永远不能掺入饮用水。 　　如果没有其他安全的饮用水，水管中流出的烫手的水可以留下来冷却。这种水一般是安全的。那些计划去偏远地区旅行，或在饮用水不现成的国家居住的人，应该知道如何使水适于饮用的各种办法。

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