2016年10月22日托福答案-2016年10月22日托福写作评分标准
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托福独立写作旨在考察考生是否有效回应题目，阐明文章主题，文章逻辑是否条理清楚及能否充分展开论证;内容是否连贯一致以及考生遣词造句的能力。
托福综合写作的考察在于总结归纳和改写两个方面，总结归纳的能力是说考察方希望考生能够在规定的时间内掌握一定长度和一定难度的阅读和听力材料中所涉及到的重点信息和论证结构;改写能力则要求考生将两部分材料中的重点信息和论证方式用新的语言和结构系统的进行展示和归纳。
托福独立写作评分标准(Independent Wring Rubrics)
1.托福独立写作得5分情况
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Effectively addresses the topic and task
●Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence
●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors
2.托福独立写作得4分情况
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated
●Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifi-cations, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections
●Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiom-atic language that do not interfere with meaning
3.托福独立写作得3分情况
An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured
●May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning
●May display accurate, but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
4.托福独立写作得2分情况
An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:
● Limited development in response to the topic and task
●Inadequate organization or connection of ideas
●Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generaliza-tions in response to the task
●A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms
●An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage
5.托福独立写作得1分情况
An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:
●Serious disorganization or underdevelopment
●Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task
●Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage
6.托福独立写作得0分情况
An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is otherwise not con-nected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.
托福综合写作评分标准(Integrated Wring Rubrics)
1.托福综合写作得5分情况
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
2.托福综合写作得4分情况
A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omission, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.
3.托福综合写作得3分情况
A response at this level contains some important information from the lecture and conveys some relevant connection to the reading, but it is marked by one or more of the following:
●Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only vague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in the lecture to points made in the reading.
●The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.
●Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or connections between the two, may be incom-plete, inaccurate, or imprecise.
●Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in noticeably vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.
4.托福综合写作得2分情况
A response at this level contains some relevant information from the lecture, but is marked by sig-nificant language difficulties or by significant omission or inaccuracy of important ideas from the lecture or in the connections between the lecture and the reading; a response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●The response significantly misrepresents or completely omits the overall connection between the lec-ture and the reading.
●The response significantly omits or significantly misrepresents important points made in the lecture.
●The response contains language errors or expressions that largely obscure connections or meaning at key junctures or that would likely obscure understanding of key ideas for a reader not already familiar with the reading and the lecture.
5.托福综合写作得1分情况
A response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●The response provides little or no meaningful or relevant coherent content from the lecture.
●The language level of the response is so low that it is difficult to derive meaning.
6.托福综合写作得0分情况
A response at this level merely copies sentences from the reading, rejects the topic or is otherwise notconnected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
1. Effectively addresses the topic and task
2. Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
3. Displays unity, progression, and coherence
4. Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
标准解读：
要点1: addresses the topic
在托福写作中，考生所表达的观点要和题目要求相关、一致。另外，考生所提供的例证也要切题，只有这样的例子才有说服力。
要点2: well organized & well developed
托福满分作文的行文组织要系统，有逻辑性。 考生在提出论点之后，必须寻找相关的例证来支持和充实自己的论点。 需要强调的是，在托福考试中考生虽然可以发散地进行说理和寻找例证，但若是将自己所举的例证进行一定加工,按照由主到次、让步转折等顺序进行排列，则能更好显示出各个例证之间的逻辑关系，让举例或是说理论证的过程更有层次性。这样的文章才称得上well-organized and well-developed.
要点3: explanations,exemplifications and details
在托福写作中，考生提出观点之后必须要发散式地进行举例或是说理论证。具体包括解释原因，举例说明以及提供其它的细节信息。
要点4: unity,progression, and coherence
托福满分作文通篇要做到：
1. 论点集中(unity)--所有的论据都指向论点;
2. 逻辑通畅(progression and coherence)--不同段落之间要连接紧密、衔接过渡自然并层层推进。
想要做到以上几点，考生需要合理地谋篇布局、进行化的段落分配并恰当地使用逻辑连接词。
要点5: variety
用词用句的多样性和变化性能有效地体现语言的丰富性以及使用技巧。
要点6: appropriate word choice and idiomaticity
托福写作要求考生根据语境选择“恰当的用词”。在托福写作中，考生不需要哗众取宠的用“大词、难词”来显示词汇量。 真正的高手是用简单但精确的词语来阐述深刻的道理。
要点7: minor errors
托福作文允许有错误存在。most一词表明一篇满分文章需要避免绝大部分的语法、用词错误。 同时这也表明个别的语法错误、用词不当以及诸如拼写，标点符号和大小写等错误不影响一篇文章得满分。 对于托福写作来说，更重要的是文章的要点明确、逻辑通畅，语言的整体高水平。
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