新概念第四册课文原文及翻译,新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记（Lesson13~15）

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新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记（Lesson13）

　　【课文】

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　听录音，然后回答以下问题。

　　What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil?

　　The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

　　The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.

　　T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery

　　【New words and expressions 生词和短语】

　　mineral adj. 矿物的

　　boring n. 钻孔

　　derrick n. 井架

　　block and tackle 滑轮组

　　haul v. 拖，拉

　　rotate v. 使转动

　　cutting bit 钻头

　　geologist n. 地质学家

　　coring bit 取芯钻头

　　cylinder n. 圆柱体

　　strata n. 岩层[复]([单]stratum或strata [误用])

　　circulate v. 注入，环流

　　gusher n. 喷油井

　　【课文注释】

　　1.they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet，as much as意为“多达”，“达到(量)”。

　　as+形容词+as表示“……达”，例如：as long as长达……，as tall as高达……，as expensive as贵至……。

　　例句：The rain could last for as long as several weeks in summer.

　　夏天的雨下起来可以长达几周。

　　2.as we must with other mineral deposits，must后面省去了与上句中相同的部分send men down。

　　3.a foot in diameter，直径一英尺。

　　4.every so often，时常。

　　例句：I no longer see John regularly, but every so often he drops in at my office.

　　我不再经常看见约翰了，但他偶尔还到我办公室来。

　　5.obtain a sample，取样。

　　To obtain something means to get it or achieve it. (FORMAL)获得，取得某物。

　　例句：Where can I obtain a copy of her latest book?

　　在哪里能买到她最新出版的书?

　　例句：He always manages to obtain what he wants.

　　他总是有办法得到他想要的东西。

　　形容词形式为obtainable：If something is obtainable, it is possible to get or achieve it.

　　例句：The timetable is obtainable post-free from the airline office.

　　航班时刻表可以向航空公司免费索取。

　　6.be under control处于控制之下。

　　例句：The fire has been brought under control.

　　火势已受到控制。

　　例句：You must get your spending under control.

　　你必须节制开支。

　　7.by means of，用……，靠……手段。

　　例句：They succeeded by means of hard working.

　　他们依靠努力工作而获得成功。

　　例句：They were able to position the yacht by means of radar.

　　他们能够用雷达测定快艇的方位。

　　8.endeavour to，努力去，尽力去。

　　If you endeavour to do something, you try very hard to do it. 同义词组喂strive to。

　　例句：They endeavoured to make her happy but in vain.

　　他们尽量使她快乐，却徒劳无功。

　　例句：Strive to build China into a powerful socialist country!

　　为把中国建成社会主义强国而奋斗!

　　【参考译文】

　　在所有洞穴中，为寻找石油所钻出的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把人送到地下去把石油取出。这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不到1英尺。我是专门搞石油的，寻找石油比其他任何采矿业对改进钻探作的贡献都要大。当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那里竖起一个井架。井架必须很高，因为它像一个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节地钻入地下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，它的底部装有钻头。

　　地质学家需要知道钻头已以到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用芯钻头取样。这种钻头能切割一段光滑的圆柱形岩石，从中能看出所钻透的地层。一旦到达油层，石油就会由于地下巨大的压力流到地面上来，这种巨大的压力来自地下天然气或水。这种压力必须加以控制，我们让泥桨顺着钻杆向下循环，用这种方法来控制压力。我们尽量避免使用陈旧天真的喷井方法，那样会浪费石油和天然气。我们要让石油留在井下，直到我们能用一种有控制的方法把它引上来为止。

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记（Lesson14）

　　【课文】

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　听录音，然后回答以下问题。

　　Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?

　　Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.

　　The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.

　　The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 120.2, then 12.03...

　　The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.

　　JAMES GLEICK, Chaos

　　【New words and expressions 生词和短语】

　　forecast n. 预报

　　speculative adj. 推测的

　　blizzard n. 暴风雪

　　deteriorate v. 变坏

　　multiply v. 增加

　　cascade v. 瀑布似地落下

　　turbulent adj. 狂暴的

　　dust devil 小尘暴，尘旋风

　　squall n. 暴风

　　eddy n. 旋涡

　　grid n. 坐标方格

　　sensor n. 传感器

　　humidity n. 温度

　　meteorologist n. 气象学家

　　Princeton n. 普林斯顿(美国城市名)

　　New Jersey n. 新泽西(美国州名)

　　fluctuation n. 起伏，波动

　　deviation n. 偏差

　　【课文注释】

　　1.beyond two or three days，超过两三天。

　　beyond这个介词有很多用法：

　　①在或向(某物)的远处。

　　例句：The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.

　　这条路绵延不断越过村子直入山中。

　　②迟于或超过(某一时间)。

　　例句：It won't go on beyond midnight.

　　这不会持续到午夜以后。

　　③越出(某事物)范围;超越。

　　例句：The bicycle is beyond repairis.=The bicycle is too badly damaged to repair.

　　这辆自行车已不能修理了。

　　④除(某事物)以外;除了。

　　例句：He's got nothing beyond his state pension.

　　除了国家发的养老金，他一无所有。

　　2.deteriorate 变坏，恶化。

　　If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way.和improve是反义词。

　　例句：Food is apt to deteriorate in summer.

　　食物在夏天容易变质。

　　例句：The discussion deteriorated into a bitter quarrel.

　　这场讨论演变成了激烈的争吵。

　　3.multiply乘;增多，增加;繁殖。

　　①表示两数相乘。

　　例句：2 and 3 multiply to make 6.

　　2和3相乘得6。

　　②增多，增加。

　　例句：Our problems have multiplied since last year.

　　自去年以来我们的问题增多了。

　　这篇文章中“errors and uncertainties multiply”的multiply就是增加、增多的意思。

　　③繁殖，增殖。

　　例句：It is possible to multiply bacteria and other living organisms in the laboratory.

　　在实验室能够繁殖细菌和其他生物。

　　4.cascade，瀑布

　　①作名词，瀑布;如瀑布般的。

　　例句：The water formed a cascade down the mountain.

　　水沿山泻下，形成一条瀑布。

　　②in cascades/cascades of，像瀑布一样。

　　例句：Climbing plants with their bright flowers hung in cascades over the garden wall.

　　开出鲜艳花朵的爬藤植物瀑布般悬挂在花园墙上。

　　③作动词，如瀑布似的落下。

　　例句：Her golden hair cascaded down her back.

　　她的金发像瀑布似的披在背后。

　　5.a chain of，一系列，一连串。

　　例句：It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.

　　仿佛一件小事引起了一连串连锁反应似的。

　　例句：The enemy tank car caught fire and set off a chain of explosions.

　　敌人的油车着了火，引起了一连串的爆炸。

　　6.of the order of，大约。

　　7.all the way to，一直，完全。

　　例句：The two runners contested the race closely it was nip and tuck all the way.

　　那两个赛跑选手竞争激烈，在赛程中一直不相上下。

　　例句：I'll back you up all the way.

　　我完全支持你。

　　【参考译文】

　　世界上的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。

　　原因是蝴蝶效应。对于小片的恶劣天气 -- 对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪 -- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的徵状，从小尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫星上可以看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。

　　现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔60英里。既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的 每一个地方。假设地球上可以布满传感器，每个相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。再假定每个传感器都极极端准确地读出了温度、气 压、温度和气象学家需要的任何其他数据。在正午时分，一个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上12：01、12：02、12：03时可 能出现的情况。

　　计算机无法推断出1个月以后的某一天，新泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是雨天。正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机无 法知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。到12：01时，那些波动就已经会在1英尺远的地方造成偏差。很快这种偏差会增加到尺10英的范围，如此等等，一直到 全球的范围。

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记（Lesson15）

　　【课文】

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　听录音，然后回答以下问题。

　　Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?

　　Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

　　J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science

　　【New words and expressions 生词和短语】

　　secrecy n. 秘密

　　effectiveness n. 成效，效力

　　inquiry n. 调查研究

　　positive adj. 确实的

　　process n. 过程

　　patent n. 专利;v. 得到专利权

　　agent n. 情报人员

　　【课文注释】

　　1.weigh against，不利于……。

　　①例句：His criminal record weighed heavily against him.

　　他的前科关系重大，对他很不利。

　　②weigh against也有权衡、斟酌的意思。

　　If you weigh against sth, you consider carefully the relative value or importance of sth.

　　例句：He needs no longer weigh reasons for and against his emigration.

　　他不必再去考虑要不要离开故乡的问题了。

　　③weigh sb down: make sb feel anxious or depressed使某人感到忧虑或沮丧。

　　例句：The responsibilities of the job are weighing her down.

　　她工作责任很重，把她压得无精打采。

　　2.the lack of...缺乏……

　　①If there is a lack of something, there is not enough of it or it does not exist at all.

　　例句：Despite his lack of experience, he got the job.

　　尽管他缺乏经验，他还是得到了那份工作。

　　②lack也可以单独作动词使用。

　　例句：They lacked the money to send him to university.

　　他们没钱送他上大学。

　　③lack作名词，表示对某物的缺乏。

　　例句：The project had to be abandoned for lack of funds.

　　工程因资金匮乏只得放弃。

　　3.in so far as...，就……而言。

　　4.engage in，从事，参与。

　　①If you engage in an activity, you do it or are actively involved with it.

　　例句：I have no time to engage in gossip.

　　我无暇闲聊。

　　②engage to sb，与某人订婚。

　　例句：She's engaged to Peter. 她与彼得订了婚。

　　5.or even, often enough，这里是个插入语，把often enough拿掉句子仍然成立，只是意思稍有变化。

　　6.which are of such general and fundamental nature，其中to be of有“具有”的意思。

　　例句：My advice may be of use for you.

　　我的意见也许对你有用。

　　7.are sought for with complete secrecy，极端秘密地探索。

　　8.such and such a book。某一本书。

　　9.for fear (of doing sth/that...)，唯恐，以免。

　　例句：The nurse walked on tiptoe for fear of waking the patient.

　　护士踮着脚走惟恐会吵醒病人。

　　例句：He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others.

　　他让我们保持安静，以免打扰别人。

　　【参考译文】

　　有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛;二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。任何一项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、甚至往往不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。保密程度自然差别很大。某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取得专利权的阶段为止。更多的工艺过程根本就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。在这化学工业方面尤为突出。同物理和机械工业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。比如，很多公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们公司的名字和借阅的某一本书。他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的某项科研项目。

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记（Lesson13~15）.doc

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