2017年10月14日托福考试:2017年10月14日托福阅读考试全新预测

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　天文类Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth
　　参考阅读：
　　A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet’s surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmosphere.
　　Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently, largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes, oceans, or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun’s ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remainshigh.
　　Origin of the Solar System
　　Comets
　　文化艺术类
　　The Origins of Writing
　　Live Performance
　　The Origins of Theater
　　The Development of Printing
　　地质类
　　Early Theories of Continental Drift
　　Attempts at Determining Earth’s Age
　　How Soil is Formed
　　Earth’s Energy Cycle
　　Thermal Stratification
　　环境类
　　The Climate of Japan
　　The Role of the Ocean in Controlling Climate
　　经济类
　　Effects of the Commercial Revolution
　　Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
　　考古类
　　Environmental Impact of the Anasazi
　　The Collapse of the Mays
　　The Chaco Phenomenon
　　科学类
　　The Birth of Photography
　　Early American Printing Industry
　　农业类
　　Agricultural Society in Eighteenth- Century British America
　　Water Management in Early Agriculture
　　社会类
　　Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe
　　Hunting and the Setting of Inner Eurasia
　　生物类
　　Extinctions at the End of the Cretaceous
　　The Cambrian Explosion
　　The Extinction of the Dinosaurs
　　How Animals in Rain Forests Make Themselves Heard
　　Sociality in Animals
　　Dinosaurs and Parental Care
　　Habitat Selection
　　Temperature Regulation in Marine Organisms
　　Cell Theory
　　Poikilotherms
　　Forest Succession
　　The Role of Diapause
　　The Identification of the Genetic Material
　　How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
　　Constraints on Natural Selection

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