(二)第二句型:主语 + 不及物动词 (+ 其他成分)
在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分:
不及物动词 及物动词
rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)
arise / arose / arisen (from)(产生) arouse / aroused / aroused(唤起)
lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)
arrive at(到达) reach(到达)
wait for(等待) await(等待)
remain(仍旧) maintain(保持,维修)
*上面所注仅为典型词义,要根据句子判别其他意思。
此外,该句型常采用倒装形式,注意辨别,主要是以下两种情况:
1) 用here 或 there引导:Here comes the bus. (汽车来了。) / There rings the bell. (铃响了。)
2) 在动词 + 介词短语的结构中,往往将介词短语提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
(三)第三句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
我们知道,名词可以做主语和宾语,非谓语动词 -ing和 to do也可以做主语和宾语,
作主语:
Learning a foreign language is not easy.(学门外语并不容易。)
To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
从语法角度讲,上述两个表达方式都可以。
但是,当动词处于宾语位置时,就不能这样"随心所欲"了,因为英语语法有以下几个规定:
1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式,重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大,没有给出具体词义解释。若需要,请学生自己查字典解决。
这是语法考试的一个重点,要对以上词特别敏感,例如:
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected
B. having much affected
C. to be much affected
D. to have been much affected
解题思路:1)一看到avoid一词,便可确定正确答案在A、B中; 2)affect意为"影响",及物动词,故B不对。[如果做题时间来不及,此类题目若有"主动语态"和"被动语态"之分,一般选"被动语态"的正确率高些。]
2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一样:to do表示说话时还没有发生的事,-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆,如:"我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。"显然是指出门时还没有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不记得以前见过你。"显然是指说话以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此,除了知道这个规定外,分清"发生过"还是"没有发生"是解题的关键。
实例:
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to have been introduced
B. having introduced
C. being introduced
D. to be introduced
解题思路:1)第一步要确定"发生过"还是"没有发生",即A、D还是B、C,"你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的情况吗?"显然是已发生的事,选B、C;2)"introduce"(介绍)后没有宾语,说明是"被动语态:,故选C [再看一下上一节中的 "解题思路"]
3)need / want / require等解释为"需要"时,有两种表达方式,如:
"这间会客室需要打扫一下"
A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被动式)
B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主动式)
考试时若同时出现两种选择,选B
4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介词,后面应跟名词或动名词-ing,
(四)第四句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语
有些动词(主要是"授予动词")后面需要或可以接双宾语结构,如:give, write, buy, send, make等
You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
这个句子也可使用以下结构:
You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是连接双宾语结构的重要介词。
该句型的重点是要记住以下短语,特别是所用的介词:
to cure … of(治愈…)
to accuse …of(谴责…)
to convince… of(说服…)
to inform… of(通知…)
to notify… of (通知…)
to clean… of (清除…)
to warn…… of / against (警告…)
to cheat… of(欺骗)
to rob… of(抢劫…)
例如:
We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我们得尽快将病人的病情通知其家属。/ 已经将病人的病情通知其家人了吗?)
注意下面句子的结构变化:
May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you?
直接和间接宾语的位置与上面短语有何不同?
(五)第五句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
先回顾一下本讲第一节中有关宾语和宾语补足语的概念。
这个句型也是考试的重点,主要有三个难点:
1) 要不要 "to"的问题:
The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你马上就来。)
句中to come 是宾语you的补足语。也就是说,当宾语补足语是动词时,一般要用 "to"连接。但是,以下情况例外:
n make, let, have等使役动词,如:
Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他来吗?)
I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示"容许":我决不容许他欺骗我)
上述句型变为被动语态时,一般要加 "to",如:
The nurse made the patient eat something. (护士让病人吃了点东西。)
→The patient was made to eat something.
有时,宾语补足语也可用 -ing形式,如:
His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑话使我们笑了几分钟。- 注意后面的时间状语for a couple of minutes)
记住下面重要表达方式:
to have / get (something) done, 如:
I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感觉动词:
使用原则与上述大致相同。
2017年职称英语考试综合类语法解析(8).doc正在阅读:
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