In spoken English we usually pronounce ‘I am’ as one word. The short form (I’m) is a way of writing this. When we write short forms, we use ‘(an apostrophe). Don’t use contractions in formal documents. LONG FORM I am you are he is she is it is that is there is what is who is we are they are I have you have he has she has it has who has we have they have there has I have got you have got he has got she has got it has got we have got they have got I had you had he had she had we had they had there had I will/I shall you will SHORT FORM I’m you’re he’s she’s it’s that’s there’s what’s who’s we’re they’re I’ve you’ve he’s she’s it’s who’s we’ve they’ve there’s I’ve got you’ve got he’s got she’s got it’s got we’ve got they’ve got I’d you’d he’d she’d we’d they’d there’d I’ll you’ll SENTENCE I’m sorry. You’re very lovely. He’s a teacher. She’s a dentist. It’s not what you think. That’s strange. There’s a dog in our garden. What’s that smell? Who’s there? We’re so happy with our new baby. They’re ten and twelve years old. I’ve won! You’ve changed. He’s left the building. She’s got two cars. It’s gone really well today. Who’s gone with him? We’ve folded all the sheets. They’ve gone away for the weekend. There’s been an accident. I’ve got a headache. You’ve got beautiful eyes. He’s got a sport car. She’s got long hair. A fly is an insect. It’s got six legs. We’ve got three children. They’ve got a lot of friends. I wish I’d done that. Did you know you’d hurt him? Did you know he’d done that? She’d never done that before. We’d better go home now. They’d better watch out. There’d been two accidents. Don’t worry, I’ll do it. You’ll be sorry tomorrow. 1 he will she will we will/we shall they will there will I would you would he would she would we would they would am not is not are not was not were not can not could not dare not do not does not had not has not have not has not got have not got did not will not shall not should not would not must not need not dare not might not ought not used not let us he’ll she’ll we’ll they’ll there’ll I’d you’d he’d she’d we’d they’d aren’t (Br. Eng. (only in questions) Do you know what he’ll do? She’ll never be happy with him. We’ll be there at ten o’clock. Do you think they’ll like it? There’ll be lots of people at the party. I’d like a piece of that cake. If that girl had asked you, you’d have agreed. I know what he’d say. She’d hate this dress. We’d have done it much better. They’d never do anything like that. I’m beautiful, aren’t I? It isn’t what you think. We aren’t very happy about this. He wasn’t the killer. We weren’t late at all. I can’t go out with you tonight. She couldn’t find her keys. I daren’t tell my mother. Even my dogs don’t like you. It doesn’t matter. They hadn’t gone far when they got lost. He hasn’t done his homework. They haven’t received my letter yet. He hasn’t got a car. They haven’t got much time. I didn’t do it! He won’t do it. I shan’t be coming to the party. You shouldn’t have said that. He wouldn’t get out of the car. We mustn’t be late tonight. We needn’t have worried. He daren’t tell anyone. You mightn’t be right. It oughtn’t to rain today. I usen’d to like the opera. Let’s go to the beach. isn’t aren’t wasn’t weren’t can’t couldn’t daren’t (only Br. Eng.) don’t doesn’t hadn’t hasn’t haven’t hasn’t got (not used in short answers or tags) haven’t got (not used in short answers or tags) didn’t won’t shan’t (only Br. Eng.) shouldn’t wouldn’t mustn’t needn’t daren’t (only Br. Eng.) mightn’t oughtn’t usedn’t (only Br. Eng.) let’s 2 NOTES ‘d = would or had: • A: What would you like to eat? B: I’d like a salad, please. (I’d like = I would like) • I told the police that I’d lost my passport. (I’d lost = I had lost) ‘lost’ = past participle ‘d = had ‘s can mean different things: (1) ‘s = is or has • She’s going out this evening. (she’s going = she is going) • She’s gone out. (she’s gone = she has gone) (2) let’s = let us • The weather is nice. Let’s go out. (= Let us go out.) (3) Ann’s camera (= her camera) / my brother’s car (= his car) / the manager’s office (= his/her office) etc. Compare: • Ann’s camera was very expensive. (Ann’s camera = her camera) • Ann’s a very good photographer. (Ann’s = Ann is) • Ann’s got a new camera. (Ann’s got = Ann has got) May not is not normally contracted: mayn’t is very rare. We use short forms with I/you/he/she etc. but you can use short forms (especially ‘s) with other words too: • Who’s your favourite singer? (= who is) • What’s the time? (= what is) • There’s a big tree in the garden. (= there is) • My sister’s working in London. (= my sister is working) • Paul’s gone out. (= Paul has gone out) • What colour’s your car? (= What colour is your car?) Some negative expressions can have two possible contractions: • she had not she’d not OR she hadn’t • he will not he’ll not OR he won’t • she is she’s not OR she isn’t (both common in Br. Eng.) 3 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/58be67241be8b8f67c1cfad6195f312b3069eb59.html