萼片 sepal 花瓣 petal 雄蕊 stamen 心皮 carpel 转化 transform 突变体 mutant 花的 floral 繁殖的reproductive 草坪dormant 休眠 turfgrass 草坪草 lawn 草坪草 mower 割草机 mulch覆盖，覆盖物（n）；覆盖树根(vt) mulch applicator 覆膜机 Lolium 黑麦草属 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 高羊茅 perennial 多年生的 annual 一年生植物（n）；一年生的（adj） ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 黑麦草 productive高产的 productivity 生产力 cultivate栽培，耕作 cultivar 品种 cultivation under cover保护地栽培 cultural practice栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践 culture system栽培系统 forage 草料 翻译Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in many regions of the world and is closely related to a lot of Lolium species including perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The Festuca-Lolium complex possesses well-adapted, highly productive grass species. These cultivated forage grasses provide invaluable economic and social benefits as forage and turf grasses per year. tiller n. 耕种者, 分蘖 vi. 分蘖 apical dominance 顶端优势 agronomic traits 农艺性状 agronomist农艺学家，农学家 density 密度 plant stature （height） 株高 mow用镰刀或割草机割草 Increasing tiller number and reducing the apical dominance in turfgrass are one of the most important agronomic traits for turfgrass industry because tiller number per plant determines lawn density and plant stature reduced lessens the mowing, which could make a significant contribution to future improvement of turfgrass quality cytokinin 细胞分裂素 auxin 生长素 bud 芽（n）；发芽，萌芽（vi） axil 叶腋 axillary 腋窝的，叶腋的，腋生的 deterioration 腐烂，变坏，退化，堕落 Cytokinin and auxin contribute to apical dominance through an antagonistic mechanism. Auxin from the terminal bud restrains axillary bud growth causing the shoot to lengthen. Cytokinin (from the roots) stimulates axillary bud growth. Auxin cannot suppress axillary bud growth once it has begun. fungicide 杀真菌剂 photosynthesis 光合作用 photosynthate 光合产物 senescence 衰老 mass质量，大量 green up in the spring 春季返青 tolerant to drought (salinity/ heat)耐旱（盐、热） resistant to drought (salinity/ heat)抗旱（盐、热） Benzyladenine（苄基腺嘌呤） (synthetic cytokinin) and triazole （三唑）fungicides stimulate the growth of turfgrasses. Various studies with cool season turfgrass have shown that auxin can improve photosynthesis, reduce senescence, increase leaf and shoot numbers, and enhance shoot and root mass. creep爬行，蔓延 habit习性 stolon 匍匐枝 indeterminate不确定的，无限的 determinate确定的，有限的 Japanese lawn grass shows quite uncommon creeping habits; the development and expansion of its stolon is unusually vigorous and entirely indeterminate. wilting; wilt（使）萎蔫，（使）枯萎；枯萎（n） withering 使干枯的，进行干燥处理的（adj） adversity; adverse situation; unfavorable conditions逆境 brown patch褐斑病 Kentucky bluegrass草地早熟禾 pathogen病原，病原体，致病菌 This paper mainly introduces the host, symptoms, harmfulness and pathogen of brown patch disease of Kentucky bluegrass. sprinkler irrigation 喷灌 drip irrigation滴灌 furrow irrigation沟灌，畦灌 osmotic渗透的，渗透性的 osmotic adjustment渗透调节 osmotic potential 渗透势 osmotic pressure 渗透压 dehydrin 脱水素 dehydration 脱水 abscisic acid脱落酸 stomatal气孔的 stomata气孔 carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类 antioxidant抗氧化剂 heat shock 热激 It has been identified that among various mechanisms, osmotic adjustment and dehydrin proteins induced may confer drought tolerance, while abscisic acid may contribute to drought avoidance by closing the stomata in turfgrass. Alternation of carbonhydrate and antioxidant metabolism, induction of heat shock proteins, and cytokinin synthesis are involved in protecting cool-season turfgrasses from heat stress injuries. Flower differentiation, pollination and fruit set external 外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的n.外部, 外面 internal内在的, 国内的 hormonal 荷尔蒙的，激素的 inflorescence 花序 Both external and internal requirements for floral initiation vary with species. The first step is floral induction, involving hormonal and possibly other biochemical changes that cause cells within a bud to begin organizing a flower or inflorescence. deciduous 每年落叶的、脱落的 perennial 多年生的 annual 一年生植物，一季生植物 Deciduous perennials usually initiate flowers just after shoot growth ceases and when leaves are mature. Presumably the interaction of specific physiologic and environmental factors provides the proper balance of endogenous hormones to cause initiation. endogenous 内生的，内源的 graft 嫁接（v/n） girdling 环剥 prune 剪除 florigen 成花（激）素 phloem 韧皮部 defoliate 除叶，使…落叶 herbaceous 草本的 fig 无花果 cherry 樱桃，樱桃树 apricot杏，杏树 Most deciduous fruits start to initiate flowers at the end of the grand growth period for shoots, when the leaves near the buds are mature. Exceptions are the nonwoody strawberry, the fig (无花果), and to some degree the peach, which continue shoot growth late in the summer. primordia 原基 differentiate 分化 pollen花粉；传花粉给 pollinate 对…授粉 pollination授粉 anthesis开花，开花期 deficiency 缺乏，不足 deficient deficency symptom 缺素症 boron 硼 reproduction繁殖 (a)sexual reproduction（无）有性繁殖 nut坚果 stigma柱头 style花柱 embryo sac胚囊 Sexual reproduction and seed development in fruits and nuts hinge on pollination. After reaching the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube grows down the style and into the embryo sac, where fertilization takes place. After this, a seed may develop along with the fruit. embryo 胚 endosperm 胚乳 xenia 种子直感，异粉性 metaxenia 果实直感 astringent 收敛性的，严酷的，涩的 fruit set 坐果 plum李树 almond 扁桃树 malus苹果属 parthenocarpy 单性结实 gibberellin赤霉素 raspberry 悬钩子 blackberry黑莓 currant 黑醋栗 gooseberry 醋栗 kiwi 猕猴桃 blueberry越橘 cranberry大果酸果蔓，蔓越橘 Fruit set 坐果 micropyle (珠孔，卵孔) ovary 子房 synergid助细胞 anther 花粉囊 dioecious 雌雄异株的 calyx花萼 Pruning Fruit Trees pruning 修枝，剪枝，修剪 cultural practice 栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践 sprout 长出来， 出现，发芽，萌芽；苗，芽，嫩枝，徒长枝 branch分枝 Pruning is an important cultural practice used to maintain the size of fruit trees. It involves the removal of plant parts, which stimulates vegetative growth, and reduces fruitfulness. heading-back cut短截 thinning-out cut 疏剪 training 整形，整枝 shoot 新梢 Framework 骨架 seedling 小树 scaffold branches主枝 formative years形成期 reinvigoration 更新 Central leader 中心领导枝 Grafting cut n.伤口, 切口 grafting n.嫁接法 bud n.芽，蓓蕾 scion n.幼芽 cleft n.裂缝，隙口 navel orange 脐橙 rootstock 砧木 budding 芽接法 stenting 片断接法，平接，断根嫁接 root grafting根接法 propagation繁殖 root collar 根颈 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/92664dee5bf5f61fb7360b4c2e3f5727a5e924e7.html