材料科学与工程专业英语匡少平课后翻译答案
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Alloy合金applied force作用力amorphous materials不定形材料artificial materials人工材料biomaterials生物材料biological synthesis生物合成biocompatibility生物相容性brittle failure脆性破坏carbon nanotube碳纳米管carboxylic acid羟酸critical stress临近应力dielectric constant介电常数clay mineral粘土矿物cross-sectional area横截面积critical shear stress临界剪切应力critical length临界长度curing agent固化剂dynamic or cyclic loading动态循环负载linear coefficient of themal expansion性膨胀系数 electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射electrodeposition 电极沉积nonlocalizedelectrons游离电子electron beam lithography电子束光刻elasticity弹性系数electrostation adsorption静电吸附elastic modulus弹性模量elastic deformation弹性形变elastomer弹性体engineering strain工程应变crystallization结晶fiber-optic光纤维Ethylene oxide环氧乙烷 fabrication process制造过程glass fiber玻璃纤维glass transition temperature玻璃化转变温度heat capacity热熔Hearing aids助听器integrated circuit 集成电路Interdisplinary交叉学科intimate contact密切接触inert substance惰性材料implant移植individual application个体应用deformation局部形变 mechanical strength 机械强度mechanical attrition机械磨损Mechanical properties力学性Materials processing材料加工质mechanical behavior力学行为magnetic permeability磁导率magnetic hybrid technique混合技术induction磁感应mass per unit of volume单位体积质量monomer identity单体种类molecular mass分子量microsphere encapsulation technique微球胶囊技术macroscopical宏观的 naked eye 肉眼nonlocalized nanoengineered materials纳米材料nanostructured materials纳米结构材料nonferrous metal有色金属线nucleic acid核酸nanoscale纳米尺度Nanotechnology纳米技术nanobiotechnology纳米生物技术nanocontact printing纳米接触印刷 optical property 光学性质optoelectronic device光电设备oxidation degradation氧化降解piezoelectric ceramics压电陶瓷Relative density相对密度 stiffnesses刚度sensor传感材料semiconductors半导体specific gravity比重shear剪切Surface tention表面张力self-organization自组装static loading静载荷stress area应力面积stress-strain curves应力应变曲线sphere radius球半径submicron technique亚微米技术substrate衬底supramolecalar超分子sol-gel method溶胶凝胶法thermal/electrical conductivity 热/点导率 thermoplastic materials热塑性材料Thermosetting plastic热固性塑料thermal motion热运动toughness test韧性试验tension张力torsion扭曲Tensile Properties拉伸性能Two-dimentional nanostructure二维纳米结构 Tissue engineering组织工程transplantation of organs器官移植the service life使用寿命the longitudinal direction纵向the initial length of the materials初始长度the acceleration gravity重力加速度the normal vertical axis垂直轴the surface to volume ratio比表面密度the burgers vector伯格丝矢量the mechanics and dynamics of tissues组织力学和动力学 phase transformation temperature相转变温度plastic deformation塑性形变Pottery陶瓷persistence length余晖长度polymer synthesis聚合物合成Polar monomer记性单体polyelectrolyte高分子电解质pinning point钉扎点plasma etching等离子腐蚀pharmacological acceptability药理接受性pyrolysis高温分解 ultrasonic treatment超射波处理 yield strength屈服强度vulcanization硫化 1-1:直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。 It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties. 1-2:材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。 Materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials and how materials are manufactured. 1-3: 材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构,同时决定了材料的特征和性能。 The materials process decided not only the structure but also the characteristic and performance of the materials. 1-4:材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的变形有关。 Mechanical properties are tied to the deformation to an applied load or force. 2-1:金属元素有许多游离电子,金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, therefore, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. 2-2:许多聚合物材料是有机化合物,并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds and have very long molecular structures. 2-3:半导体材料的电性特征介于导电材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间 。Semiconductors have eletrical properties that are intermediated between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulator(viz.ceramics and polymers). 2-4:生物材料不能产生毒性,并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterial must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues. 4-1:化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Chemical properties are used to describe how a substance change into a completely different substance. 4-2:相变是一种物理性质,并且物质存在四种相:固相,液相,气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. 4-3:当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子仍然连接在分子链上,从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料 。At the temperature below the melting point, the polymer start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material. 4-4:在工程应用中,渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms. 13-1:现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的 。Most commercially important polymers today are synthesized by organic synthetic techniques. 13-2:某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却是相关的单体组成的,例如:聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits. 13-3:具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构 。A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network. 13-4:聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合程度来表示,本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。The polymer molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer. 14-1:不同化学结构的聚合物具有不同的物理和化学性质 。Polymers of different chemical compositions provide great variety in physical and chemical properties. 14-2:热固性塑料成型后,由于不能取消化学过程,因此不能重新再成型 。After being shaped, the thermosetting plastic cannot be reshaped owing to the irreversible chemical processes. 14-3:天然橡胶不是一种有用的聚合物,因为它太软了,并且太容易发生化学反应 。Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive. 14-4:我们可以在聚合物中加入各种不同的化合物,使聚合物具有抗日照和抗氧化降解的性质。Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation. 19-1:纳米技术处理具有纳米尺寸的材料,例如纳米结构材料 。Nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions of nanometers, i.e. nanostructured materials. 19-2:当材料的尺寸进入纳米量级时,材料就具有其原先材料所不具备的三大效应 。If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, the three main effects of the material take place which do no exist in normal materials. 19-3:纳米技术包括纳米电子、纳米机械、纳米材料等技术领域。In the realm of techonology, nanotechnology conclude the nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanomaterials, etc. 19-4:纳米晶体铜的硬度比通常微米级铜要高五倍 。The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is 5 times higher than that of common copper in micron level. 纳米药物结晶过程可提高多数难溶性药物的溶解度,因此近年来成为难溶性药物给药系统研究的热点之一。The solubility problem of the most indissoluble drugs could be improved by nano-drug crystallization procedure. 本文综述了纳米药物晶体的制备技术(如沉淀法、分散法、乳化法和微乳化法、超临界流体结晶法等)及其研究进展。Therefore, the fabrication of nano-drug crystals have become one of the major points for drug delivery systems research. Based on recent literatures, this paper reviews the progress of the preparation techniques for nano-drug crystals, such as precipitation method, dispersion method, emulsification and microemulsification supercritical fluid crystallization, etc. 1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。相反,材料工程指的是,在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上,开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。Materials science involve investing the relationship that 2.实际上,固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。Virtually 3.除了结构和性质,材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分:即加工和性能。In addition to structure and 4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术,根据这些原则,他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various 5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此,有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。On only rare 1.金属是电和热的非常好的导体,对可见光不透明,一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽 2.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体,在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面,优于金属和高聚物。Ceramics are typical insulative 3.应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。Materials that are utilized in high-technology 4.响应外加电场,压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩;相反的,当尺寸改变时,压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。Piezoelectric ceramics 5.随着扫面探针显微镜的问世,这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子,使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。With the advent of scanning probe microscope,which permit 1.物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面,密度比水大时将下沉。类似的,比重小于1的物体将漂浮,比重大于1的物体将下沉。 2.使磁力线相互分开,导致磁通量比真空小,这种材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料;使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。Materials that cause 3.某些铁电材料,特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金,他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。Certain ferromagnrtic materials especially power 4.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时,磁感应强度是空气芯时的μr倍。When a paramagnrtic or ferromagnrtic 1.金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围,和服役期限。The mechanic properties of metal determine 2.因此,为了确定力学性质,一般需要做大量实验,报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。T 3.材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质,同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效,以及在失效发生以前,是否会给出预警信号。The way a materials is loaded greatly 4.但是,承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。However a bar loaded in bending will 5.低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时,材料仅仅发生弹性形变。Elastic deformation only occur in a material 1.虽然聚合物习惯上一般指塑料,术语实际上包含一大类天然和合成材料,这些材料有不同的性质和用途。While polymer in 2.聚合物合成是这样一个过程:将许多被称为单体的小分子连接成以共价键结合的链状物的过程。Polymer synthesis 3.接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成,特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子形状、刷子形状。 4.一些生物型聚合物由许多不同但结构上有联系的单体组成,如多聚核苷酸由核苷亚单体组成。A biological polymer 1.许多合成聚合物具有C-C骨架,这是因为碳原子据有非凡的彼此之间形成稳定强键的能力。A grate many of these synthesis 2.高聚物一般不是具有尖锐熔点的完美结晶体,而是在一定温度范围内软化。Rather than exhibiting a well-defined crystalline 3.依赖于形成条件,分子量可以在相当大范围内分布,也可以紧密围绕在一个平均值附近分布。Depending on the condition 4.Goodyear 偶然发现添加硫磺在橡胶中然后加热混合物可以使橡胶更硬、降低氧化和化学反应的敏感性。 1.大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的,因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。Most biomolecules and other bioentities 2.不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何,纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可以归结为一个简单道理:如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时,物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。Irrespective of the nature of these nano-materials and 3.这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响:例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。This has a considerable influence 4.另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应,已经被用来制作磁存储器件。Another magnetic nanoeffect 5.根据这个方程可知:预置裂纹越小,临界应力越高。From this equation it is evident that 1.生物材料是一种合成材料,它是以一种同活体组织密切接触的方式替换生命系统中的某一部分或者发挥功能的材料。A 2.相反,生理材料是生理系统产生的材料,例如:骨头、皮肤或动脉。By contrast,a biological material 3.如果不被取出来,暂时性植入体也会变成永久性植入体,例如用以固定骨折部位所使用的接骨板,愈合后不取出来的话,就变成了永久性植入体。Sometimes a temporary implant becomes permanent 4.器官移植可以恢复某些功能,这些功能是人造材料所不具备的,或者是天然器官所具备的更好的功能。Transplantiation 5.基于基体组织的科学知识在探索生物材料的研究和发展的各种方法中,具有很大的帮助。Fundamental-based 本文来源:https://www.wddqw.com/doc/f59bfd4e90c69ec3d5bb7574.html