2016年1月9号托福阅读答案-2016年托福阅读：玩耍playsanimportantrole

　　Passage
　　P1：Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.
　　难词解析：
　　consists of 由..组成
　　species n. 物种
　　primarily adv. 主要地
　　interaction n. 互动
　　take place 发生
　　dominance n. 主导
　　circumstance n. 情况
　　predation n. 捕食
　　alone adv. 仅仅
　　难句解析：
　　One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is [that it involves the same behaviors [that take place in other circumstances – dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting]].
　　给玩下一个清楚明确的定义的难点之一就是它(玩)涉及到了在其他情况下，比如占领，捕食，竞争和真正打斗过程中会有的相同行为。
　　P2：Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.
　　难词解析：
　　Sophisticated adj. 复杂的; 精致的
　　Mammal n. 哺乳动物
　　Primate n. 灵长类的动物
　　Show up 出现
　　难句解析：
　　Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.
　　确定玩耍的功能很难，因为它的功能是长期的，伴随着一些直到动物成年才会显现出来的有利影响。
　　P3：Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.
　　难词解析：
　　considerable adj. 显著的
　　potential adj. 潜在的
　　risk n. 风险
　　难句解析：
　　Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy [that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal]. (并列结构)
　　因此，它(玩)会导致年幼动物成长和脂肪积累所需要的能量损耗掉。
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　　Structure
　　P1
　　玩耍的相关信息
　　玩耍的作用 1)________
　　2)________
　　3)________
　　定义玩耍的困难：
　　在 1)_____, 2)_____,3)_____,4)______中都 会发生同样的行为
　　P2
　　玩耍是发达神经系统的特征
　　很难确定玩耍的作用，因为____________
　　P3
　　玩耍的两个代价
　　1)______________
　　2)______________

2016年托福阅读：玩耍plays an important role.doc

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