2016年英语四级考试-2016大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(26)

副标题:2016大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(26)

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一、翻译标准:忠实、通顺
  1.忠实指意义忠实于原文
  2.通顺指符合中文表达习惯。
  3.“信、达、雅”
  二、评分情况(每题2分)
  1.全句结构(句子当中各个成分位置顺序安排是否恰当合理)0.5分
  2.除全句结构0.5分之外,剩下1.5分分布于句子当中三个重要给分点(通常为重要词组或者重要结构)
  重要结构:定语从句、比较结构、虚拟语气、倒装结构、双重否定
  例:Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.
  研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时,头脑里会产生生化变化,使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效的活动。(全句结构0.5)
  三、翻译过程
  1.找到需翻译语句对应文中的位置
  2.理解阶段www.Examda.CoM
  1)根据上下文关系
  2)分析句子结构
  3)表达阶段(注意中英文表达习惯的差异)
  1)词序:即词与词或词与句子之间的位置顺序关系,中文习惯为修饰语前置。
  例:The girl in red is my sister.
  穿红衣服的女孩是我姐姐。
  I like the watch which you bought me.
  我喜欢你给我买的那块表。
  We can keep fit by going in for exercise.
  我们可以通过参加体育锻炼来保持健康。
  2)句序:a.中文习惯为状语从句前置,英语中状语从句(如原因、条件从句)有时置于主句之后,而汉语一般将状语从句置于主语之前。
  例:I would be most happy to go with you if I am not in the way.
  如果不碍事的话我很高兴和你们一起去。
  b.中文按照时间逻辑顺序安排句序,英文按照事情的重要性来安排句序。
  例:It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had planned to pay to China in January.
  我原计划1月份访问中国,后来必须推迟,对此我深表遗憾。
  翻译技巧
  1.增词法:目的在于使译文通顺而不是增加含义
  1)增加动词
  例:After the banquet and the concert, he would work on his report.
  (参加)宴会和(出席)音乐会之后他会继续写报告。
  2)增加名词来源:考试大网
  例:He cann't endure the tension of modern life.
  他不能忍受现代生活的紧张(节奏)。
  例:You are frank and honest with all your faults.
  你对错误的(态度)坦诚。
  2.转译法:
  1)含有动词意味的名词转译为动词
  例:It is evidence enough of the desire of all of us to solve the problem according to people's will as soon as possible(ASAP).
  这充分证明了我们都希望按照人们的意愿尽快解决问题。
  2)动词转译为名词来源:www.examda.com
  例:Formality has always characterized their relationship.
  他们之间关系的特点是以礼相待。
  例:Most satellites are designed to burned up themselves after completing mission.
  按照设计大部分卫星在完成任务后自行燃烧。
  3)形容词副词之间相互转译
  例:We took several brief and restless naps.
  我们简短不安地睡了几次。
  四、一些具体结构的翻译:
  1.限定性定语从句: 按照修饰语前置翻译方法。通常译为“……的”。(置于被修饰的名词之前)
  例:For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
  从人口的总体考虑,我们必须更多地关注摄入少量的、在不知不觉中污染我们世界的杀虫剂所造成的延迟效应。
  2.非限定性定语从句(即which之前有逗号)译为单句
  例:He said that this was a good idea, which he would consider.
  他说这是一个好主意,他会加以考虑。
  3.同位语从句考试大-全国教育类网站(www.Examda。com)
  1)分译法:将先行词与同位语从句分开翻译,中间用“即”、“就是说”、冒号、破折号分开。
  例:He said that this was a good idea that he would consider.(定语从句)
  We have to face the fact that we are still poor.(同位语从句)
  我们必须面对一个事实,即我们还很贫穷。
  2)转换法:如果同位语修饰的名词含有动作意义,则可将该名词译为动词。这类词有:suggestion / opinion / belief / hope
  例:He has a feeling that his son was not wrong.
  他感觉到他的儿子没有错。
  4.比较结构:最根本的译法译为“比…更…”
  例:Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as arention and memory.
  研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时,头脑里会产生生化变化,使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动。
  And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
  习惯于多动脑筋而不是少动脑筋的人,在进入老年以后,要比一个从来不积极动脑子的人的认知能力更为健全。
  The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both monery and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
  后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费,以及近郊居民上下班既费钱又费时间。
  1)将more…than…译为“比…更…”;将more译为“更…”
  例:He was more active than I.
  他比我更积极。来源:考试大
  2)用比较级表达级含义时,可译为“最”、“莫过于”。
  例:There is no better example than this.
  这是的例子。
  5.被动结构
  1)译为被动。如“被”、“受到”、“遭到”、“由”、“为…所”。
  例:The committee established by UN is considering the problem.
  由联合国建立的委员会正在考虑这个问题。
  2)译为表语。即“是……的”
  例:The decision was not made easily.
  这个决定不是轻易做出的。
  3)译为主动句。
  例:He was given a high mark by his teacher.
  他的老师给了他一个高分。

2016大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(26).doc

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