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The more time scientists spend designing computers, the more they wonder at human
brain. Tasks that puzzle the most advanced supercomputer--recognizing a face, reading a handwritten note--are child′ s play. Most important, unlike any ordinary computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imi-tate the brain′s abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to work more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells or neurons.
Ordinary computers work by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions.
Although very fast, their processors can perform only one task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The pro-cessors in a neural-network computer,by contrast,form a network much like the nerve :cells in the brain. Since these artificial (人造的) neurons are interconnected, they can share infor-mation and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at rec-ognizing patterns.
Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions,its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to a problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine.
Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simu-lations (模拟品) because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By exper-imenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.
1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that a computer__________.
A.can recognize a face
B.cannot learn from its mistakes
C.cannot follow detailed instructions
D.can read a handwritten note
答案:B
2.Which of the following is NOT true about an ordinary computer?
A.It must be programmed before it works.
B.It can only solve one problem at a time.
C.It is good at solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces.
D.It is trained to make decisions.
答案:D
解析:从第二段开头这句,Ordinary computers work by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions(电脑的工作原理就是遵循一系列详细的指令),可知选项A是正确的表达。从第二句,Although very fast,their processors can perform only one task at a time,可知B也是正确的表达。从第三句,This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces(在处理能够破解为更简单的逻辑编码的问题时,效果),可知选项C也是正确的表达。另外第三段第一句Instead of program-ming a neural-network computer to make decisions,its maker trains it to…中的instead of就已经表明了没有给电脑编程去让它做决定,所以选项D是错误的表达。
3.The main feature of a neural-network computer is that__________.
A.its processors act as an interconnected web of neurons
B.it is programmed to make decisions
C.its networks are of all shapes and sizes
D.its neurons are artificial
答案:A
解析:本题问到神经网络计算机的主要特点,从第二段这句The processors in a neural—network computer,by contrast,form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain可以看出,神经网络计算机的处理器能够形成跟大脑神经细胞很相似的网络,也就是指interconnected web of neurons(互相交错的神经网),这正是这种计算机不同于普通计算机最显著的特点。A为正确选项。
4.The expression "this two-dimensional approach" in the second paragraph refers to__________.
A.the conventional computer and the neural computer
B.making decisions and recognizing patterns
C.sharing information and performing tasks
D.the computer and the human brain
答案:C
解析:语义词义题。从这个短语前面的这句话they can share information and perform tasks at the same time可知答案为C。
5.Scientists use software rather than hardware in their experiments because__________.
A.it can avoid redesigning computer chips
B.it can save a lot of time and money
C.it can avoid making mistakes
D.it is more like the human brain
答案:B
解析:细节判断题。从最后一句By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware,scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes可以得知,用软件能够避免一些会导致重大损失的错误。costly,“昂贵的,代价高的”,avoid costly mistakes也就是指能够节约钱和时间,而不是避免所有错误(故选项C错误),答案选B。
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