2015级二下口试话题
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【口语考试】 考试时间：6月11日 (✿◡‿◡) Topic 1: A Logical Fallacy I Have Committed 1) Define the concept of logic fallacy; 2) Talk about a logical fallacy you have committed; 3) Why is it a fallacy ? and what caused it? A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves", in the construction of an argument. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is. Some fallacies are committed intentionally to manipulate or persuade by deception, while others are committed unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance. By accident or design, logical fallacies are often used in debate or propaganda. Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments; Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that invalidate the argument. McMullin (2000), a clinical psychologist, explains that: "Logical fallacies are unsubstantiated assertions that are often delivered with a conviction that makes them sound as though they are proven facts". There are some types of logical fallacies: Hasty generalization, Missing the point, false cause, and Slippery slope. Let me introduce some cases. Actually, logical fallacies are very common in our everyday life. I myself commit logical fallacies very often, too. For example, when I first met my roommate in college, I felt very surprised when he told me she didn’t know the history of tea. I asked, “Fujian as the production of tea, has a long history of tea production. Everyone ought to know its’ history as well as the various techniques of serving tea. You are from Nanping, why don’t you like tea?” Here I committed the logical fallacy “Dicto 1 ~(@^_^@)~ Simpliciter”. I falsely asserted that all people in Fujian should like tea, and there should be no exception to this premise. 谬论是利用无效的或其他错误的推理，或“错误的行动”，在建设一个论点。似是而非的说法可能显得比它真的是骗人的。有些谬论是故意用欺骗来操纵或说服的，而另一些则是由于疏忽或无知而无意中犯下的。出于偶然或设计，逻辑谬误常常用于辩论或宣传。谬论是削弱论点的缺陷；逻辑谬误是使论证无效的推理错误。McMullin（2000），一个临床心理学家，解释说：“逻辑谬误是无根据的断言，往往是有一个信念，使他们的声音好像他们是被证明的事实”。逻辑谬误有几种类型：草率概括、遗漏要点、虚假原因和滑坡。让我介绍一些案例。 实际上，逻辑谬误在我们日常生活中很常见。我自己也经常犯逻辑谬误。例如，当我第一次见到我的室友在大学里，我感到非常惊讶，当他告诉我，她不知道茶的历史。我问，“福建作为生产的茶叶，有着悠久的茶叶生产历史。每个人都应该知道它的历史和各种泡茶的方法。你是南平人，为什么不喜欢喝茶？“我在这里犯了逻辑错误的“Dicto Simpliciter”。我错误地断言福建所有的人都应该喝茶，这个前提也不例外。 2 (✿◡‿◡) Topic 2: The Pursuit of Beauty 1) What is beauty in your eyes? 2) Your understanding of physical beauty and inner beauty; 3) Which to pursue: physical beauty or inner beauty? and how to achieve it? From my perspective, beauty is not only as a characteristic of a person's appearance, but also a characteristic of an animal, idea, object, person or place that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure or satisfaction. Beauty is studied as part of aesthetics, culture, social psychology and sociology, often involves an interpretation of some entity as being in balance and harmony with nature, which may lead to feelings of attraction and emotional well-being. Besides, physical beauty is the degree to which a person's physical features are considered aesthetically pleasing or beautiful. It means one person has healthy body. While inner beauty is opposite of physical beauty. It is not appearance but soul of people’s spirit world, which includes psychological factors such as personality, intelligence, grace, politeness, charisma, integrity, congruence and elegance, etc. Focusing on what you enjoy about your personality, your life, and your individual circumstances rather than external factors, including your appearance, can help you radiate positively and commendable personality qualities to others. There are steps you can take to focus on creating an inner beauty. First of all, think positively about your personality rather than your external appearance. Second, inner beauty reflected by one people’s inner spirit 3 ~(@^_^@)~ world. Do more reading, expand you horizon, which will be good way to enrich you spirit. Third, expand your self-knowledge and awareness. Self-discovery can give you the tools to make the necessary changes to your life that lead to cultivating inner beauty. Seek new experiences, ask advice from others, and set achievable goals for your life and career. Challenge yourself with new experiences and ideas. Take a class, try a new sport, or try a new hobby. Expanding your thought process can spark creativity and push your boundaries for the better. As for physical beauty, maintain health on the outside. Part of creating and maintaining inner beauty involves ensuring that you maintain a regular health routine. Exercise is also key to improving your mood. It alleviates long-term depression and provides short-term emotional benefits. As an added benefit, regular exercise revitalizes skin, reverses aging, and reduces cellulite, all of which can lead to increased confidence and feelings of well-being. That’s all thank you. 在我看来，美不仅是人的外貌特征，也是动物、思想、物体、人或场所的特征，它提供了一种愉悦或满足的感性体验。美作为美学、文化、社会心理学和社会学研究的一部分，常常涉及到某种实体与自然的平衡和和谐的解释，这可能会导致情感的吸引力和情感的福祉。 此外，身体美是一个人的身体特征被认为是美观或美丽的程度。意思是一个人有健康的身体。内在美与身体美相对。它不是外表，而是人的精神世界的灵魂，它包括个性、智力、风度、礼貌、魅力、正直、和谐、优雅等心理因素。 专注于你喜欢你的个性，你的生活，你的个人情况，而不是外部因素，包括你的外表，可以帮助你辐射积极和值得称赞的人格特质给他人。 有步骤你可以专注于创造内在美。首先，积极思考你的个性而不是外表。第二，内在美体现在一个人内心的精神世界。多读书，拓展视野，这是丰富你精神的好方法。第三、拓展自我认识和意识。自我发现可以给你工具，使你的生活带来必要的变化，从而培养内在美。寻求新的经验，向他人寻求建议，为你的生活和事业设定可实现的目标。 4 (✿◡‿◡) 用新的经验和想法挑战自己。参加一个班，尝试一项新的运动，或尝试一个新的爱好。扩展你的思维过程可以激发创造力并推动你的边界变得更好。至于身体美，在外面保持健康。创造和保持内在美的一部分包括确保你保持一个正常的健康习惯。锻炼也是改善心情的关键。它缓解长期抑郁症，并提供短期的情感利益。作为一个额外的好处，经常运动，赋活肌肤，逆转衰老，减少脂肪，这些都能增加信心和幸福感。这一切都谢谢你。 Topic 3: The Entrepreneur I Admire Most 1) Basic information about this entrepreneur; 2) Why and what makes you admire him or her ? 3) What can you learn from him or her? The entrepreneur I admire most is Frederick W. Smith. Frederick W. Smith is the founder of the FedEx Corp., the largest and most successful overnight delivery service. He is recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur who is held in high regard by both his competitors and employees. As a juvenile, he suffered from a disease and was often picked on by bullies. But his passion for flying increased as he grew up. At Yale University, he helped to revive the Yale flying club. In a term paper for an economics class, he drafted a prototype for a transportation company that ensure overnight delivery of small and time-sensitive goods, but the professor said it wasn’t feasible. After graduation, he joined the Marines and went to Vietnam. During his military days, he learned good Leadership had measureable effects on a company. Home from Vietnam, he decided to take a stab at starting his own business but the early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. In spite of difficulties, he still set the precedent to ensure good medical plan. He said success in business boiled down to three elements: appealing product or service, efficient management system, and good leadership. 5 ~(@^_^@)~ The reason why I admire Smith is that he is a friendly and accessible employer. He values his people and never takes them for granted. He reportedly visits FedEx’s Memphis site at night from time to time and addresses sorters by name. For years he extended an offer to any courier with 10 years of service to come to Memphis for an “anniversary breakfast”. That embodies Fred Smith’s philosophy: People, Service, Profit. I learn a lot from him. One thing is: I know how to makes a good entrepreneur. Successful entrepreneurs have many personality traits in common, such as strong leadership qualities, high motivation, great determination, willingness to fail, competitive spirit, budget-mindedness, etc. 我最佩服的企业家是弗雷德里克•w•史密斯。弗雷德里克•w•史密斯是联邦快递公司的创始人最大最成功的隔夜交货服务。他被认为是一位杰出的企业家是非常器重他的竞争对手和员工。作为一个青少年,他患有一种疾病,常被欺负。但他对飞行的热情增加,他长大了。在耶鲁大学,他恢复了耶鲁飞行俱乐部。在经济学课程的学期论文,他起草了一个原型的运输公司,确保隔夜交货小和时间敏感货物,但是教授说这不是可行的。毕业后,他加入了海军陆战队,去越南。军事天期间,他学会了好的领导有重大影响的公司。从越南回家,他决定尝试自己创业,但早期被极端强调节俭和经济损失。尽管困难重重,他仍然设置的先例,以确保良好的医疗计划。他说,商业上的成功归结为三个要素:有吸引力的产品或服务,高效的管理体系和良好的领导。 史密斯我钦佩的原因是,他是一个友好的和可访问的雇主。他的价值观的人,从不把他们视为理所当然。据说他晚上访问联邦快递的孟菲斯的网站不时和地址分类器的名字。多年来他与10年的扩展提供任何快递服务来孟菲斯“周年早餐”。,体现了弗雷德史密斯的哲学:人,服务,利润。 我从他身上学到很多东西。有一件事是:我知道如何使一个好的企业家。成功的企业家有许多共同的性格特征,如强大的领导力素质,高动机,伟大的决心,愿意失败,竞争精神,预算思想等等。 6 (✿◡‿◡) Topic 4: Culture Differences 1) What do culture differences mean? Can you give some examples? 2)What problems may be caused by our failure to recognize cultural differences? 3) How will you prepare yourself to become “culturally competent”? People from different countries speak different languages, keep different value systems, and have different ways of looking at things. These differences are generally called cultural differences. Different cultures have their own rules behaviors, people from different cultural backgrounds may have vary of beliefs, religious, customs and habits. For example, Chinese people do not have the same concept of privacy as Americans do. They talk about topics such as ages, income or marital status, which Americans think is annoying and intrusive. Besides, basically China values the community and the US values the individual. If you achieve something in the US, it's because you were great. While in China, if you achieve something in China it's because the team, or family, or company is great. Everything you do gets attributed to the greater whole, while in America individual merits are celebrated. Cultural backgrounds may influence people’s way of thinking. First, cultural background influences what people consider to be good manners or bad manners. Second, it influences what they consider to be polite or rude. Third, it influences what they consider to be on time or late. How can failure to recognize cultural differences hinder communication? Failure to recognize cultural differences may cause many problems. On the one hand, those who are uninformed about cultural differences may 7 ~(@^_^@)~ have difficulty communicating with their business associates from other cultures. On the other hand, inability to recognize cultural differences can make mutual understanding difficult. There are many ways to become “culturally competent”. First, we can avoid unintentionally offending others by learning the basic characteristics of other cultures. For instance, we may ask our foreign friends about their everyday customs or take time to explain certain common customs of our own culture to them. 话题4：文化差异 1）文化差异意味着什么？你能举几个例子吗？ 2）我们不承认文化差异可能造成什么问题？ 3）你准备如何成为“文化主管”？ 来自不同国家的人讲不同的语言，保持不同的价值体系，并有不同的看待事物的方式。这些差异通常被称为文化差异。不同的文化有自己的规则行为，不同文化背景的人可能有不同的信仰、宗教、风俗习惯。例如，中国人没有和美国人一样的隐私观念。他们谈论的话题，如年龄，收入或婚姻状况，美国人认为是恼人和侵入。此外，中国社会基本价值和美国价值观的个体。如果你在美国取得成就，那是因为你伟大。而在中国，如果你实现的东西，在中国这是因为球队，或家庭，或公司是伟大的。你所做的一切都归功于更大的整体，而在美国个人的优点是庆祝。 文化背景可能影响人们的思维方式。首先，文化背景影响人们认为是礼貌或坏的举止。其次，它会影响他们认为是礼貌或粗鲁。第三，它影响他们认为是按时或晚。如何认识文化差异不能阻碍沟通？未能认识到文化差异可能会导致许多问题。一方面，那些对文化差异一无所知的人可能很难与他们的商业伙伴进行交流。另一方面，不能识别文化差异可以使相互理解困难。 有许多方法可以成为“文化主管”。首先，我们可以通过学习其他文化的基本特征来避免无意冒犯他人。例如，我们可以问我们的外国朋友他们的日常习俗或花时间解释某些共同的习俗，我们自己的文化，他们。 8 (✿◡‿◡) Topic 5: Gender Equality 1) Your understanding of gender stereotype 2) The phenomenon of gender inequality in China. 3) What should be done to achieve or improve gender equality? What is gender stereotype? In brief, people usually have a first impression that thinks boys and girls must express themselves that fit in with their gender. That is gender stereotype. Gender stereotypes can always be discovered in our life. Women seem to be the most important creatures in ancient times in China. It does not mean that women have high status but the truth is women are treated like trophies. Such as if one man has a lot of wives that means that the man is of a high status and a wealthy person, like the emperor in ancient times in China. As time went by, tremendous changes have happened to women’s status and from social phenomena opinion and women nowadays have greater equality than in the past. However, as I see it, they are not absolutely equal, for instance, women's employment problem. The biggest advancement for now is that laws against gender discrimination have helped women. This is a very good sign, because women have now obtained more rights. For example, in almost all countries in the world, they have gained the right to vote and even to enter parliament. Women have also been permitted to receive education, which allows them to have the chance to compete with men and change their destinies. Everything looks like men and women are in the same 9 ~(@^_^@)~ level. On the other hand, in this society, prejudice against women is deeply rooted. Firstly, when a woman gets married, she will give up her career. In Japan, almost every family will ask women to become housewives after they get married. Secondly, while women have a chance to work and get a job, it is very rare to find women in management positions in companies. Some women will suffer the workplace rule but if she does not want it, she must be excellent or lose her position. In my opinion, the most important method that can help to achieve equality in gender is the awareness of women on their rights. Women, themselves, should have self-esteem own, feeling they should be respected by others, regardless of whom she is faced with. Chinese females usually keep silent when their legal rights are encroached. So I think it is of great significance that women should enhance their consciousness of their rights. 什么是性别刻板印象？简言之，人们通常有第一印象，认为男孩和女孩必须表达自己，符合他们的性别。那就是性别刻板印象。性别刻板印象总能在我们的生活中被发现。 女人似乎是中国古代最重要的生物。这并不意味着女人地位高，但事实是女人被视为战利品。例如如果一个男人有很多妻子，意味着人是很高的地位和一个有钱的人，像中国古代的皇帝。随着时间的推移，妇女地位和社会现象发生了巨大的变化，妇女和妇女比过去有了更大的平等。然而，我认为，他们不是绝对平等的，例如，妇女的就业问题。 现在最大的进步是反对性别歧视的法律帮助了女性。这是一个很好的迹象，因为女性现在获得了更多的权利。例如，在世界上几乎所有的国家，他们已经获得了投票权，甚至进入议会。妇女也被允许接受教育，这使得她们有机会与男人竞争，改变她们的命运。一切看起来像男人和女人在同一水平。 另一方面，在这个社会里，对妇女的偏见根深蒂固。首先，当一个女人结婚，她将放弃她的事业。在日本，几乎每个家庭都会要求妇女结婚后成为家庭主妇。10 (✿◡‿◡) 其次，虽然女性有工作和找工作的机会，但在公司管理职位上找女性却很少见。有些女性会受到职场法则的约束，但如果她不想要，她一定是优秀或失去地位。 在我看来，这有助于实现平等的性别是女性对自己的权利意识的最重要的方法。女人，自己应该有自尊的，感觉他们应该受到别人的尊重，不管她面对的是，中国女性通常保持沉默，当其合法权益受到侵害。所以我认为女性应该提高自身的权利意识具有重要意义。 Topic 6: Should Men and Women Be Equal? 1) Some people think men are superior to women in ability. 2) But others believe that women have the ability to challenge men in many ways. 3) Your opinion. Should men and women be equal? This is a much talked question nowadays. People have different ideas about this issue, Some people say that men are superior to women in ability because men are physically stronger, do most of the hard labor in the world and hold most important positions. For one thing, many jobs which can easily be done by men, can hardly be done by women. And for another, most of the world famous people are found to be males. Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along be dominated by men only. Hence, men should enjoy more rights than women. Other people believe that women have the ability to compete with men. And women are certainly as intelligent as men if they are given equal opportunities of education. It is a well-known fact that many women have been working side by side with men in many fields in China. Besides, there are many women, Madame Curit and Margreat Thatcher, to name only a few, in history who work as scientists and politicians. There have 11 ~(@^_^@)~ been many famous women state leaders and great scientists in the world. So men and women should be equal in every respect. Personally, I firmly believe that women should be given the same rights as men, because they are equally important in all human activities. Our human society would definitely have stopped to exist without either of the sex. Is there a reason that men and women should be treated differently? 男女应该平等吗？这是一个备受争议的问题。 人们对这个问题有不同的看法，有人说男人比女人更有能力，因为男人身体强壮，做世界上最艰苦的劳动，占据着最重要的地位。一方面，许多工作很容易由男人来做，但女人们很难做到。另一方面，大多数世界著名的人被发现是男性。而且，整个人类社会似乎一直都是由男性主宰的。因此，男人应该享有比女人更多的权利。 其他人认为女人有和男人竞争的能力。 如果妇女受到同等的教育机会，她们肯定和男子一样聪明。这是一个众所周知的事实，许多女性已经在中国的许多领域与男子一起工作。此外，有许多女性，Madame Curit和Margreat Thatcher，仅举几例，在历史上，科学家和政治家们的工作。世界上有许多著名的女领导人和伟大的科学家。所以男女应该在各方面平等。 就我个人而言，我坚信妇女应该享有和男人一样的权利，因为她们在人类活动中同样重要。我们的人类社会肯定会停止没有任何性别的存在。是否有一个原因，男人和女人应该区别对待？ 12 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/1a7bb3eb4328915f804d2b160b4e767f5acf803a.html