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第一单元 1.Most countries take a census人口普查 every ten years or so in order to count the people and to know where they are living. 2.A country with a growing population is a country that is becoming more populous人口密集. 3. A person’s race is partly determined by skin color and type of hair as well as other physical characteristics. 4. The majority of the u.s population is of European origin. 5. The geographical distribution of a country’s population gives information about where the people are living. 6. The total population of the united states is made up of many different kinds of people. 7. In other words ,the population comprises包括包含 people of different races and ages. 8. The average age of the u.s population, which is a relatively large one, has been getting progressively 逐渐地higher recently. 9. Metropolitan大都市 areas are more densely populated than rural areas. That is, they have more people per square mile. 10. The use of antibiotics has greatly decreased the death rate throughout much of the world. 11. A country whose birth rate is higher than its death rate will have increasing population. 12. On the average, women have a higher life expectancy than men do. 第二单元 1. Throughout history, people have moved, or immigrated, to new countries to live. 2. Natural disasters can take many forms: those that are characterized by a shortage of rain or food are called droughts长期干旱 and famines饥荒, respectively. 3. Sometimes people immigrate to a new country to escape political or religious persecution.迫害 4. Rather than immigrants, the early settlers 移居者from Great Britain considered themselves colonists移民; they had left home to settle new land for the mother country. 5. The so-called great immigration, which can be divided into three stages阶段, or time periods , began about 1830 and lasted till about 1930. 6. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century, caused widespread unemployment as machines re-placed workers. 7. The scarcity缺乏 of farmland in Europe caused many people to immigrate to the united states, where farmland was more abundant. 8. Land in the United States was plentiful and available when the country was expanding 扩张的westward. In fact, the U.S government offered free public land to citizens in 1862. 9. The failure of the Irish potato crop in the middle of the nineteenth century caused widespread starvation 10. The great depression of the 1930s and World War II contributed to the noticeable decrease in immigration after1930. 11. The first law that limited the number of immigrants coming from a certain part of the world was the Chinese exclusion act of 1882. 12. It is important to note that in 1965 strict quotas 限额based on nationality were eliminated. 13. At the end of the 1940s, immigration began to increase again and has, in general, risen steadily since then. 14. Will the trend continue for non-Europeans to immigrate to the United States? 15. The u.s immigration laws of today in general require that new immigrants have the skills necessary to succeed in the United States because industry no longer numbers of unskilled workers. 第三单元 1. As we look at the changes over the last century, we’ll use a lot of statistics to describe these changes. 2. While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up. 3. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty states. 4. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4,200. 5. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance 6. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek drooped. 7. People often tend to romanticize 使浪漫化的the past and talk about “the good old days”. 8. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations international labor organization, u.s workers are the most productive多产的 in the world. 9. Longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, whereas the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite. 10. Workers in some European countries actually out produce American workers per hour of work. 11. This higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are less stressed 紧张的than u.s. workers. 12. Between 1949 and 1974, increased in productivity were matched by increase in wages. 13. After 1974, productivity increased in manufacturing and services, but real wages stagnated停滞 14. According to a recent book, the money goes for salaries to CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits. 15. Some people say that labor unions have lost power since the beginning of the 1980s, and that the government has passed laws that favor 偏爱the rich and weaken the rights of the workers. 第4单元 1、A hundred years ago, one heard the same comments about the family that one hears today-in short, that the American family is disintegrating解体，瓦解. 2、Proof of this disintegration included evidence that women were not completely content with their domestic家庭 role. 3、To the contrary, the very nature of the family has changed drastically激烈的 in the last fifty years. 4、To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer气压计 for what is happening in the society. 5、Demographically, the predominant 占主导地位configuration 结构of the family was the traditional one. 6、The country idealized the family in these years: there was a commitment承若的责任 to the family and a reverence尊重 for it 7、Three characteristics stand out in this period: conformity to social norms, greater male domination of the family, and clear-cut gender roles. 8、These decades were characterized by a lack of conformity to social norms and included the sexual revolution and the women’s liberation movement. 9、Another important movement was the drive for self-expression and self-fulfillment. 10、The new configuration of the family had to include families of cohabiting couples, with or without children. 11、The number of single-parent households tripled, and the number of unmarried couples quadrupled. 12、They see a continuing decline in divorce rates since the 1980s but also a decline in birth rates after an initial increase in the 1980s. 13、There is an attempt to balance work with family obligations, and concern seems to be shifting from individualism to the new feminism. 14、Places of work may offer more flexible working hours and on-site day care. 15、For this part, the government could mandate parental leave and family allowances. 第6单元 1、Customs and traditions are often bewildering to foreigners, partly because the customs are so ingrained that most local people accept them without ever thinking about them. 2、The baby shower is given by a close friend or relative of expectant mother. 3、The mother-to-be is often invited to someone’s home on some pretext so that she can be surprised. 4、Through advice and expressions of envy, the expectant mother is reassure about the desirability of her situation. 5、A few years ago, it was almost unheard of for men to participate in baby showers. 6、In the past, men were banished from the delivery room, but today many men are with their wives to “coach” them through the birth. 7、Christians usually have a religious service, called a baptism, for the new baby. 8、Some customs are generally observed concerning fiancées, the engagement period, and the wedding ceremony. 9、Because priests, rabbis, and ministers are all legally empowered to marry coups, it is not necessary to have both a civil and a religious ceremony. 10、Some customs about the bride and groom are rather superstitious in nature. 11、Some churches and other places where weddings are held have recently banned the throwing of rice as being hazardous to guests, who can slip and fall on it. 12、At the time of death, one decision is whether the funeral will be held in a church or in a funeral home; another decision is whether the body will be cremated or buried in a cemetery. 13、The family may choose to have a memorial service instead of a funeral. In either case, the family may hold a wake, where the body of the deceased is displayed in its casket. 14、At a funeral, a eulogy is usually given by someone close to the deceased person. 15、Those who want to express their condolences usually send a sympathy card to the bereaved family. 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/3372d9691eb91a37f1115c33.html