没有否定词的否定
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没 有 否 定 词 的 否 定 湖北省随州市曾都区第二高级中学 雷春玲 在英语学习的过程中,无论是教师还是学生都会发现,一些句型或者为了委婉地表达意思,让人更容易接受,;或者为了强调,使对方引起重视;或者是为了使语言显得灵活;或者仅仅是为了否定一件事情而使用否定句来传达意思。英语中所谓的否定句是指含有no, not, never, neither, none以及no的合成词如nowhere, nothing, nobody以及no one等否定词的句型。但在我们教与学生学的过程中有时候也会发现一些句子虽然不含有这些词中的任何一个但也可以构成否定含义。如果仅靠看字面意思简单会意,往往会造成理解错误或答题错误,或者由于不能正确地使用或理解语言从而影响英语交际过程。在多年的教学中笔者发现主要有如下几类: 一、靠否定前后缀构成否定含义 否定前后缀如un-, dis-, mis-,- less, in-, im-等是大家所熟悉的一些形式。其中un-, im-, in-,-less为形容词词缀,由它们所构成的否定含义的形容词有unusual (不同寻常的),unlicky(不幸运的),unable(无能的),unhappy(不高兴的),unfair(不公平的),unwilling(不乐意的),以及unknown(不出名的),unexpected(没有料到的),unlocked(没上锁);impolite(不礼貌的),impossible(不可能的),impatient(不耐烦的);informal(不正式的),independent(不靠别人的,独立的)。由dis-,mis-构成的动词如:dislike(不喜欢),disagree(不同意),discourage(不鼓励,打击),disapprove(不赞成,不批准),distrust(不信任);mistake(误解,弄错),misunderstand(l理解不对),mislead(误导)等在平常的交际中使用频率极高。除此之外,还有一些词缀虽不常出现但也很重要如irregular(没有规律的),irresponsible(不负责任的),illegal(不合法的),illogical(不合逻辑的),abnormal(不正常的),abuse(使用不当,滥用).在做题时,同学们除了要知道它们的否定含义之外,还应该注意一些语法上的用法,如变反意疑问句和在so﹢助动词﹢主语结构中它们对助动词的选择是没有影响的。如: a. When the earthquake happened all of a sudden, many people became homeless, didn’t they? b. You were too careless in the final exam, weren’t you ? c. His parents disapprove of his marriage to the girl, don’t they? d. The report in the newspaper is misleading the public, isn’t it? e. Tim seemed unhappy today, so did his sister. f. I am unwilling to go first, so is Mary. 二、靠短语构成否定含义 英语学习中我们会发现,无论是在名词、动词短语中,还是介词、副词短语中,均有一些特殊的结构不用加否定词也表达否定的含义,尤其是在高考中做完成句型一题时考生更应该小心陷阱,不要只看汉语提示依葫芦画瓢。往往括号的汉语意思会限制学生的思维,故意增加学生做题的难度,如果不熟悉这些短语或结构往往会造成时间的浪费,影响得分,其实这些结构并不是很难,只是比较陌生罢了。如: a. It is your husband ______ (而不是你) who is to blame for the spoiled child. (than) 答案:rather than you b. I am sorry for coming late , Mr Smith, for I______(没能赶上) the earliest bus. (fail) 答案:failed to catch c. Mark is______ (我最不愿意接触的男孩) , for he has lots of disgusting habits. (last) 答案:the last boy for me to be in contact with d. Excuse me ,but can you give me a hand? My book is fallen on the ground______(我够不着). (reach. .) 答案:out of/beyond my reach e. My husband prefers staying home doing nothing ______(也不愿意和我逛街). (go) 答案:to going shopping with me g. They knew the truth _____ (没过多久). (long) 答案:before long 对于该类题型,广大考生一方面要对短语熟记在胸,另一方面还要将其含义口语化,尽量使其生硬的含义通俗易懂,做题时也要灵活变通,这样才能信手拈来下笔有神。下面笔者将它们分类总结以助记忆: 动词短语:be afraid to (不敢), keep doing (不停做), stop doing (不再做), live up to (不辜负), be /get tired of (不喜欢), prevent sb from doing (不让。。做), leave sb alone(不管--), remain to be done (没有做), make sb at home (使不拘束), may/might as well (不防), take great trouble to do (不辞辛劳做), spare sb the trouble of doing (不麻烦。。做), take it easy (不赶忙), lose sight of (看不见). 名词短语:anything but (决不), little (没有) 介词短语:more than (不仅仅), instead of (不是), less than (不到), without (没有,要不是因为), regardless of (不顾),despite (不管), but for (要不是因为), in vain (没有结果), at a loss(不知所措) 副词短语:now and then (时而不时), otherwise (不然), after all (不要忘了), simply/just (只不过), hardly () 三、靠句型构成否定 不管怎样,所有的词汇都要在句子中来表示说话者的意思。明显的否定句我们不难判断,但是有些句子没有否定词也是否定的意思,这样的句子才真正是让广大考生迷惑犯难的地方。广大考生在平时的学习中就应该多多学习英语母语者的思维习惯或思维方式,并做到准确无误脱口而出,那样我们学到的语言才是真正地道的语言。总结起来数量不多,但应引起大家的注意: (1) 时间状语从句 It is ten years since I lived there . (我不住那里) The film had begun before I arrived . (我还没有到达) (2) 让步状语从句 Whether you go or stay here ,it makes no difference to me . (不管你是走还是呆在这里) whenever you return my book ,it doesn’t matter . (不管你什么时候还我的书) (3) 名词性从句 I will not believe whatever she says in the future . (不管你说什么) Whoever needs help should be included in our program.(不管谁需要帮助) (4) 条件状语从句 You won’t catch your train unless you hurry up.(如果你不快点) (5) 祈使句 Hurry up ,or/otherwise you will miss the flight.(要不然) (6)其他句型 Either you or he must have taken my book away.(不是你就是他) The boy is too young to understand the poem.(而不能理解这首诗) ---Thanks a lot for your timely help! ---You are welcome.(不客气) Some leaders are strict with them but some are otherwise.(则不然) 本文来源:https://www.wddqw.com/doc/5a7ddf27ccbff121dd3683db.html