考研英语语法--名词性从句
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名词性从句 从句是一个有引导词的SV结构在一个大的SV结构中承担某个成分，引导词可能在从句中作某个成分，也可能不作成分，仅仅起到连接作用。 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。判断从句的性质主要是根据从句在更大的SV结构当中的位置：主语从句要么位于句首，要么前面有it作形式主语则位于句尾；宾语从句位于动词后面或介词后面；表语从句位于系动词之后；同位语从句通常位于表示有内容的抽象名词(advice、demand、doubt、evidence、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、possibility、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word)之后。 名词性从句的引导词有三种：连接代词、连接副词、从属连词。 连接代词： what: 指物，在从句中通常作主语、宾语、表语，有时可以作定语；以感叹句的语序引导从句。 which: 指人或物，意为“某些人或物中哪一个”，在从句中通常作主语、宾语、表语、定语。 who: 指人，在从句中通常作主语、宾语、表语。 whom: 指人，在从句中通常作宾语。 whose: 指人，在从句中作表语或定语。 whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever等引导名词性从句时和加-ever之前的词的句法功能是相同的。 What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. “What is harder to establish”是一个主语从句， “whether the productivity revolution is for real” 是一个表语从句， “that...over”是一个定语从句。 What motivated him was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”--ensuring only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. “What motivated him”是一个主语从句， “only ... benefits”是一个宾语从句。 That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota. “what...quota”是一个表语从句，其中包含一个时间状语从句。 这正是挪威在全国范围内实施企业性别配额时所发生的情况。 连接副词： when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等引导名词性从句时在从句中通常作状语（偶尔可以作表语或宾语）。 The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. “how...robots”是一个宾语从句，其中包含一个时间状语从句。 这一发现表明，老鼠对社交线索的敏感度很高，即使这些线索来自最为基础的机器老鼠。 This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing. “why ...good thing”是一个表语从句。 这就是为什们研究人员普遍认为，有适量的所谓道德内疚是一件好事。 从属连词： that, whether, if, as if, as though 等引导名词性从句时在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接的作用。 It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been has incentive for studying them scientifically. “that...scientifically”是一个后置作真正主语的主语从句，其中包含一个原因状语从句。 还有解释说，正是由于我们对人的直觉了解太多，所以我们没有科学地研究这些直觉的动力。 In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supporting kitten-killing? “that...kitten-killing”是一个主语从句。 在一个一直以来颂扬生育的社会里，承认你后悔生孩子就等于你支持杀小猫，这有什么奇怪的吗？ One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living. “that...worth living”是一个宾语从句。 人们可以这样解读贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难不可避免，但是与之抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。 To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived. 我们必须意识到，很多戏剧已经失传，没有一位作家的作品可以完整地保留下来，由此可见，戏剧活动本身是弥足珍贵的。 If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 这个句子中两个 “that”引导的都是宾语从句。 如果我们想确保我们的科学既有意义又有可复制性，我们就必须确保我们的体系鼓励这种科学。 What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. “What...thornier”是一个主语从句， “that...sufficient”是一个表语从句。 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/5ee999f2971ea76e58fafab069dc5022aaea464b.html