What is culture? E. Sapir, 1921, “Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks.” R. Benedict, 1935, “What really binds men together is their culture – the ideas and the standards they have in common.” Edward T. Hall, 1959, “Culture is man’s medium; there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people express themselves (including shows of emotion), they way they think, how they move, how problems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and function.” Clyde Kluckhohn, 1965, “By “culture”, anthropology means the total life way of a people, the social legacy the individual acquires from his group. Or culture can be regarded as that part of the environment that is the creation of man.” D Brown, 1978, “A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.” R. Kohls, 1979 “…culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everything that a group of people thinks, says, does, and makes.” I. Roberson, 1981, “The culture of every society is unique, containing combinations of norms and values that are found nowhere else.” G. Hofstede, 2001, “I treat culture as the collective programming of the mid that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. The “mind” stands for the head, heart, and hands – that is, for thinking, feeling, and acting, with consequences for beliefs, attitudes, and skills.” “什么是文化？” 1 辜正坤《中西文化比较导论》p156 “定义”这种提法是一种西式思维的产物。万物都是变易不居的，求定，求终极性结果是极难的，往往办不到。文化的定义多达180余种，这一事实本身就意味着文化是一个不可定义的东西。……文化的定义理所当然地会依据不同的时空条件而有所差别。文化活的灵魂往往正是跃动于这些差别之间。 所谓广义文化指的是：人和环境互动而产生的精神，物质成果的总和，它包括一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。 狭义的文化则主要指生活方式，价值观，知识，及对人类具有积极意义的技术成果。 2 林大津 《跨文化交际研究》96版 p10 狭义的文化可专指社会意识形态，可指教育，哲学，文学，艺术等方面的精神财富。 广义的文化可指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，可指人们的整个生活方式。 P10 Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett, 1832-1917 文化或文明，就其广泛的民族学意义来说，乃是包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。 P10-11 裘克安 文化的四个层次：1）物质生产成果，包括科学技术；2）生产关系，包括社会和政治制度，经济，法律和宗教制度；3）有形的精神文明产物，包括建筑，绘画，雕刻，文学和其它各种著作；4）无形的精神文明产物，包括思想意识，风俗习惯，价值标准等。 P12 克鲁克洪 所谓“一种文化”，它指的是某个人类群体独特的生活方式，他们整套的“生存式样”。 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/6da5b81d1a2e453610661ed9ad51f01dc2815790.html