初级语法Basic Grammar 一、词类(Parts of Speech) 1.名词(即人或事物的名称)-n.(noun) boy,dancer,flower,beauty,country 2.冠词(用在名词前,帮助说明其意义)-art.(article) a,an,the 3.动词(表示动作或状态)-v.(verb) go,do,see,work,feel 4.形容词(表示人或事物的特征)ad.(adjective) good,easy,new,beautiful 5.副词(表示动作特征或性状特征)-adv.(adverb) beautifully,carefully,hard,up,very 6.代词(代替名词或数词)-pron.(pronoun) we,these,some,everybody,what 7.数词(表示数目或顺序)-num.(numeral): nine,fifty,third,twentieth 8.介词(用在名词、代词等前面,说明与别的词之间关系)-prep.(preposition) in,on,from,through,for 9.连词(连接词与词或句与句)-conj.(conjunction) and,or,if,when,although 10.感叹词(表示说话时的感情或口气)-int.(interjection) ah,well,wow,why 11.不定式前的to为小品词(particles)。yes和no有人称为肯定词和否定词,有的词典称之为副词。 一个词可以分为不同的词类:有些词仅属于一个词类,如quickly为副词,come为动词,beautiful为形容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类,例如: Let’s go.咱们走吧。(go用作动词) I’d like to have a go at it.我想试一试。(go用作名词) I haven’t seen him since 1998.我1998年以后就没见到他了。(since作介词) We met in 1980.I have never heard from him since 1980.我们1980年见面以后,我再也没有接到他的音信了。(since作副词) 因此在学一个词时,先要知道它属于哪个词类,然后再弄清它是否还可用作其他词类。英语中的一个词,常可用作另一词类,例如: It’s a bookshop.这是一家书店。 where do you shop for clothes?你在哪里买衣裳? It’s a good buy.这是一样便宜货。 where did you buy it?你是在哪里买的? It’s a small park.这是一座小公园。 Let me see if I have any smalls.我看看有没有小号的。 这种现象叫作词类的转换(conversion)。 三、词类转换:一个词类常可能转换为另一词类 1.动词可以转换为名词: Try the shirt on.穿上这件衬衫试试(v.) Let me have a try.我来试一试。(n.) Look at me.瞧着我。(v.) Let me have a look.我来瞧瞧。(n.) 2.名词也可转换为动词: Open your books.打开你的书。(n.) Have you booked your ticket?你订票了吗?(v.) Have a seat.请坐。(n.) The hall seats 500(people).大厅可以坐500人。(v.) 3.形容词可以转换为动词: You are too slow.你太慢了。(adj.) The train has slowed down.火车慢下来了。(v.) It’s warm in spring.春天天气暖和。(adj.) They warmed their hands over the fire.他们在炉火上烤手。(v.) 4.形容词可转换为名词: He is my dear friend.他是我亲密的朋友。(adj.) She’s a dear.她是一个招人喜欢的人。(n.) Prices here are very low.这里的物价很低。(adj.) Profits have reached a new low.利润降到了最低点。(n.) 5.用作其他词类时重音会发生变化: Everybody present[prezən t]welcome the decision. 所有在场的人都欢迎这个决定。 The National Theatre is presenting[pri'zentiŋ]a new production of Hamlet. 国家剧场正在上演新的哈姆雷特。 四、派生(Derivation) 许多词通过加词头(或称前缀,prefixes)或词尾(或称后缀suffixes)来构成另一词类,称为派生。通过加词头或词尾构成的词称为派生词(derivatives)。 1.构成名词的词尾(括号中词为例词)-er(singer) -ism(heroism) -age(shortage) -ance(reliance) -or(sailor) -ess(happiness) -ure(failure) -nce(difference) -ist(artist) -(a)tion(examination) -dom(freedom) -ful(mouthful) -ee(employee) -ment(movement) -ty(cruelty) -y(slavery) -es(hostess) -on(decision) -ity(reality) -eer(engineer) -ian(musician) -ing(wedding) -y(discovery) -ese(Japanese) -ship(friendship) -th(warmth) -ant(contestant) -hood(childhood) -al(arrival) 2.构成形容词的词尾: -ful(useful) -able(eatable -al(cultural) -like(childlike) -less(homeless) -ible(responsible) -y(rainy) -en(wooden) -ish(childish) -ic(poetic) -ent(dependent) -ate(fortunate) -ive(active) -ant(pleasant) -ary(imaginary) -an(Indian) -ous(famous) -ly(lively) -some(tiresome) -ed(talented) 3.其他词尾: -ize(modernize) -ate(originate) -wise(likewise) -th(ninth) -en(widen) -ly(slowly) -teen(fourteen) -ify(simplify) -ward(backward) -ty(forty) 2.构成反义词的词头: un-(un happy) in-(informal) ir-(irregular) non-(non-conductor) dis-(disagree) im-(impolite) il-(illegal) de-(defrost) 3.有特定的意思的词头,如: re-(retell) counter-(counteract) post-(post-war) super-(superman) mis-(misspell) over-(overdo) fore-(foresee) micro-(microwave) co-(co-exist) under-(under-paid) self-(self-made) semi-(semi-circle) anti-(anti-tank) ex-(ex-wife) inter-(interact) mini-(minibus) pro-(pro-French) -pre(predict) tele-(telephone) vice-(vice-chairman) 五、合成词(Compound Words) 英语中有很多词是由两个或是很多词构成的,这种词叫合成词。英语中合成词极多,主要有下面几类: 1.合成名词 名词+名词:silkworm(蚕) 名词+动名词:sunbathing(日光浴) 形容词+名词:shorthand(速记) 动词+副词:get-together(联欢会) 动名词+名词:waiting-room(候车室) 动词+名词:pick-pocket (扒手)副词+动词:down-fall(垮台) 其他类型合成名词: well-being(福利),go-between(中间人),by-product(副产品),editor-in-chief(主编),good-for-nothing(不中用的人),touch-me-not(凤仙花),merry-go-round(旋转木马) 2.合成形容词: 本文来源:https://www.wddqw.com/doc/90979998e518964bce847c4e.html