Conversational Implication
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Conversational Implication 摘要：The term conversational implication was introduced by the philosopher H. Paul Grice，which is deduced on the basis of conventional meaning of words together with the context， under the guidance of the CP and its maxim. While CI reflects the intention of the speakers， so the speakers’ psychological motives， diction， tone and the structure they adopt must give more space to the hearers to interpret， however， whether CI can have great effect on the hearer or not， it will depend on the basic knowledge that the speaker and hearer share and the certain context. In literature， the authors pay more attention to the CI， and their works became and will become the wealth of the world. 关键词：CI context cooperative principle politeness principle the skills of the language psychological motives CI （conversational implication） includes the natural meaning and the extra meaning in the certain context， which is comparable to the illocutionary force in the speech act. The realization of CI has a close relation with the context. CI should have conversational activities； any conversational activities consist of both speakers and hearers. As for it， Jacobins showed us the relation between them. contact code For example， the speaker says “Today is Sunday”； this sentence will have different meanings in the different context. If the hearer says “NO， it’s Saturday” ， then we will know the real meaning of the conversation is the statement of date， obviously the speaker is wrong； if the speaker is a child， and his father promised that he would drive his son to the zoo on Sunday， when his father heard his son’s words， he will know the implied meaning immediately； if the speaker is a poor student， and there will be an exam on Sunday， we will make clear the emotion of the speaker. So the context is the necessary element of CI， which gives the hearer different understanding to the same conversation. The realization of the CI is under the guidance of the CP and its maxim. If the speaker wants to express his extra meaning， sometimes he will violate the principles， as long as the hearer knows the reason why the speaker violates these principles， he will get the implied meaning beneath the natural meaning. A： Where is X？ B： He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left. These sentences are not relevant， which violate the principle of relevance， showing us the hearer doesn’t want to continue the speaker’s topic， therefore， the CI produced， after hearing the answer the speaker will change to another topic.A： Let’s get kids something. B： Ok， but I vote I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S In order not to be heard by the kids， the speaker gives special expression， uttering one letter by another， which is so smart to pass the implied meaning. Politeness principles In order to make up for the weakness of CP， the English linguist Leech proposed the politeness principles， which can express the real meaning of the speak avoiding the embarrassment. For example， a teacher finds a student reading a comic in the class and comes and says to the student. （1） Do you mind if I can keep your book for a while？ （2） I wonder if I can keep your book for a while. （3） I was wondering if you could allow me to keep your book for a while. The teacher expresses the his purpose in the indirect way without scolding the student， so the student can accept easily， which complies to the politeness principles. In the literature， the author adopted the different ways to express the deep meaning of the text， leaving more space to readers to explore the meaning. Such as the iceberg style created by Ernest Hemingway， that is， the grace of the movement of the iceberg lies in one eighths above the water. For the Chinese example， 他扑倒在床上，右手掌蒙住了前额，遮住了两眼的大部分，手轻轻地沉了下去，（胳膊肘让出了大部分地方，）向后移动，直到他的鼻子碰到了被子；左臂吊在床边，毫无知觉，指关节松垮的斜搭在夜壶把上。 Such other ways as irony， metaphor， tones can cause the CI， with which the speaker can express his psychological motives. In this sense， CI has a close relationship with psychology. The certain relation between the speaker and the hearer will cause the reflection of each person’s psychology. The psychological procedure of CI includes the memory and association， which have the important psychological activities， The production and the understanding of CI need the memory and association， When a passenger gets out of the gate of the Beijing station， he wants to X hotel， so he asks the police “how far is it from here to X hotel ？”， the police will tell him it’s so near， when he gets outside and asks the taxi driver， the answer will be different. “It’s far； it will take you half an hour to get there. Please get in the taxi， it’s only ten Yuan. ” as for the same question in the short minutes， the passenger gets the absolute different answers. The real reason is the different psychological motives of two speakers. The former wants to the passenger get out of the station as soon as possible due to his duty. While the driver wants to earn more money in terms of the commercial interest， the different motives give the hearer different CI in the certain context. CI is used widely in our daily life， which bears with the context， CP and the psychological motives. CI gives our language a kind of art effect and makes our life more colorful. 参考文献： [1]Hu zhuanglin， Linguistics， A Course Book， Peking University Press，2001， （pp.256， 257，258）. [2]Jone I. Saeed， Semantics， Foreign Teaching and Research Press 2008.8， （pp. 192，193， 194）. [3]Roman Saldon， A Reader’s Guide to the Contemporary Literary Theory， Peking University Press， 2006.12， （pp.77， 78）. [4]周延云《论言外之意的物质基础和心理机制》，1995，青岛海洋大学报. [5]力量 《言外之意与语境》，1990，淮阴师专学报. 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/db894920b91aa8114431b90d6c85ec3a87c28bd8.html