2021年下半年全国英语四级-2021年下半年英语四级高级语法讲解

【#四六级考试# 导语】只有坚定坚持最初的梦想走下去，再苦再累再难，坚定不移，才有可能走向成功。©文档大全网为大家准备了以下2021年下半年英语四级高级语法讲解，希望对大家有帮助。

英语四级高级语法讲解

　　插入语

　　插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用逗号或者破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。

　　插入语六大用法小结

　　例1 _____the more expensive the camera， the better its quality.

　　A.General speaking B.Speaking general

　　C.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally

　　小结：许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking(严格地说)，generally considering(一般认为)， judging from……(根据……判断)等。

　　例2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____，neither of them could swim.

　　A.In fact B.Luckily C.Unfortunately D.Naturally

　　小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed(的确)，surely(无疑)，however(然而)，frankly(坦率地说)，obviously(显然)，naturally(天然地)，luckily (happily) for sb.(算某人幸运)，fortunately(幸好)，strangely(奇怪)，briefly(简单地说)等。

　　例3 Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard，_____， you failed.

　　A.in the end B.after all 　C.in other words D.at the same time

　　小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion(总之)，in a word(简而言之)，in short(简而言之)，in general(一般说来)，in a sense(在某种意义上)，in my view(在我看来)，in his opinion(按照他的看法)，in fact(事实上)，at first(首先)， in addition(此外)，of course(当然)，to my surprise(使我惊奇的)，to her regret(使她遗憾的)，for example(例如)等。

　　例4 It is so nice to hear from her._____，we last met more than thirty years ago.

　　A.What‘s more B.That is to say C.In other words D.Believe it or not

　　小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure(我可以肯定地说)，I believe(我相信)，do you know(你知道吗)，you see(你明白)，I’m afraid(恐怕)，it is said(据说)，I suppose(我想)，what’s more(而且)，what’s worse(更糟糕的是)，that is(也就是说)，what is important(重要的是)等。

　　例5 _____ with you，I have no money to spare.

　　A.To be frank B.What’s more 　C.In addition D.However

　　小结：常用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be sure(无疑地)，to sum up(概括地说)，to tell the truth(老实说)等。

　　例6 _____， he should have done such a thing.

　　A.Speaking general B.Strange to say 　C.Luckily D.Of course

　　小结：常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有：true(真的)，funny(真可笑)，needless to say(不用说)，most important of all(最为重要)，worse still(更糟糕的)，even better(更好)等。

　　Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).

　　The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光环) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.

　　Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.

英语四级高级语法讲解

　　非谓语动词

　　几种做句子成分的情况

　　1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别

　　(1)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。

　　不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

　　Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)

　　Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)

　　(2)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

　　It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

　　2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别

　　(1)不定式作表语

　　1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

　　To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做两件事等于未做。

　　What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。

　　2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。

　　To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

　　(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。

　　Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。

　　His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。

　　(3)分词作表语

　　分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。

　　interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的

　　exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的

　　puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的

　　satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的

　　旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。Travelling is interesting but tiring.

　　The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。

　　The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。

　　They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。

　　3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

　　begin开始 determine决定 manage设法 agree同意 love 喜欢 fail不能 plan计划

　　(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语

　　acknowledge承认，admit 承认 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成

　　appreciate 感激，欣赏 avoid避免 enjoy享有，喜爱 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 deny否认

　　consider 考虑 fancy幻想，爱好 mind 介意 miss错过 finish完成，结束不得 resist抵抗，阻止 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 prevent阻止

　　keep保持 quit放弃停止 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想

　　例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

　　我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

　　(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

　　1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)

　　forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)

　　2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事

　　stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

　　3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)

　　remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

　　4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾

　　regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

　　5)try to do努力、企图做某事

　　try doing试验、试一试某种办法

　　6) mean to do打算，有意要…

　　mean doing意味着

　　7)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

　　Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

　　You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。

　　I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。

　　You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

　　Let's try doing the work some other way.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。

　　4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别

　　The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。

　　The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。

　　The book writen by professor Smith is very popular in China now. 由史密斯教授写的那本书在中国非常受欢迎

　　I have find my watch lost.

　　5.不定式和分词作状语的区别

　　(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

　　1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。

　　Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.

　　由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

　　2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。

　　Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.

　　6.非谓语动词常考的其它结构

　　(1)疑问词+不定式结构

　　疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。

　　When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)

　　I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)

　　The difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)

　　I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)

　　(2)不带to的不定式

　　1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。

　　这类词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听

　　On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.

　　2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。

　　Let him do it.让他做吧。

　　I would have you know that I am ill.我想让你知道我病了。

　　①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to，

　　He was seen to come. The boy was made to go to bed early.

　　3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。

　　例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。

　　但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。

　　The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。

　　There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别的办法。

　　7.非谓语动词中的有关句型

　　(1)动名词作主语的句型

　　1)It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。

　　It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。

　　It is a great fun playing football.打篮球很有趣。

　　2) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth.

　　It is useless speaking.光说没用。

　　It is nice seeing you again.真高兴又遇到了你。

　　It is good playing chess after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。

英语四级高级语法讲解

　　全部倒装：

　　①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。

　　② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。

　　③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。

　　部分倒装：

　　1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装。

　　2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。

　　3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装。

　　4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。

　　5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。

　　hardly.....when....; scarcely .....when..... ;no sooner....than.....：

　　hardly，scarcely，no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时;the more ......the more... 越....越.... ;

　　实例练习(1)

　　1.直到他完成使命(Not until he had fufilled/finished his mission)did he realize that he was seriously ill. (08.06)

　　2. The witness was told that under no circumstance ( should he lie to the court ) 他都不应该对法庭撒谎。(07.12)

　　3. Only in the small town( does he feel secure and relaxed) 他才感觉安全和放松。he feels secure and relaxed. (07.6)

　　4. Not only ( did he charge me too much ) 他向我收费过高, but he didn't do a good repair job either. (06.6)

　　5. Only after I found out the truth( did I realize (that) he was innocent ) 我才意识到他是无辜的。

　　6. Not until the game had begun ( did he arrive at the sports ground )他才到达运动场。

　　阅读中的倒装：

　　1. Among the report are more outrageous(令人无法容忍的)findings - a Geman fertilizer described itself as "earthworm-friendly", a brand of flour said it was " non- polluting", and a British toilet paper claimed to be "environmentally friendlier".(05.06阅读)

　　该报道当中，有很多让人无法忍受的发现，如：一种德国肥料被描绘成“对蚯蚓无害”;一种新的品牌的面粉写道“没有任何污染”;还有一家英国公司的卫生纸被宣称为“环保者”。

　　2. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become me reply to any and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore.(07.06阅读)

　　几年前的一天，我说了一句话并最终成为我对任何和全部挑衅的回答：关于那个问题我再也不讨论了。

　　3. Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. (03.01阅读)

　　与新技术息息相关的是一些现代商人，他们日益看重国外生意的经济价值。

　　实例练习(2)

　　1. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.(06.12阅读)

　　萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受欢迎程度一再创出新高。

　　阅读当中遇到的句型：

　　一般情况下开始出现了地点状语或者是分词引导的一个状语结构，中间出现了谓语动词，后面出现一个主语，主语后面接上一些限定(包括从句、补充说明等)，这种形式就是出现的全部倒装的形式。

　　2. Not only has the highway systerm affected the American economy by providing shipping routs, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. (0606阅读)

　　公路系统不但为美国经济的发展提供了运输路线，还带动了一批诸如加油站、汽车旅馆、酒店、购物中心等相关行业的发展。

　　3. Only when it's gone do you wish you've done more to protect it.(0806阅读)

　　当你失去的时候，你才会希望自己原来能够多做点事情以保护好它。

　　only后面必须接状语的时候，句子才可以部分倒装。 eg. Only you can do this job.

　　4. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for deprssion and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain.(0706阅读)

　　我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因，帮助我们更好地治疗;还要提供综合疗法，治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症和其他心理与社交问题。

　　5. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel.(0906阅读)

　　如果我不是参加了这次讲习班，我肯定会不由自主地认为那位男士候选人更合适，因为我们这个空缺的岗位需要频繁出差。

　　6. It is said that never before has man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale.

　　据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去描述气候。

　　一般情况下，全部倒装会在阅读中出现，只需要看出结构就可以了;部分倒装在翻译题中也会进行考查，在备考过程中还是要特别的关注。

英语四级高级语法讲解

　　全部否定和部分否定

　　eg. All the birds can not fly.

　　Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。

　　1. 部分否定

　　eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。

　　None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。

　　代词或副词如all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是"等。

　　eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters.

　　2. 全部否定

　　英语中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。

　　eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。

　　eg. W: Daddy, I 've decided to give up science and go to business school.

　　M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you that not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager.

　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

　　A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies.

　　B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree.

　　C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.

　　D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.

　　双重否定

　　1.在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。

　　eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.

　　A perpson can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。

　　eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.

　　如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。

　　2.形式否定，意义肯定

　　eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。

　　A woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。

　　eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。

　　eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎

　　么耐心也不为过。

　　A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他的学生再怎么严格也不为过。

　　这种形式主要运用于阅读当中。

　　3. 形式肯定，意义否定

　　①more A than B 意思为“是A 不是B ;与其说是B ，不如说是A”

　　eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。

　　He is more a composer than a singer. 与其说他是一个歌唱家不如说他是一个创作者。

　　② anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是”

　　eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。

　　eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。

　　③ no more .... than与 not more ....than

　　no more ...than意为“两者都不....”

　　eg. This book is no more interesting than thay one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。

　　not more....than 意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者”

　　eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。

　　eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 这两男孩都很诚实，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩诚实。

　　This boy is no more honest than that one. 这两个男孩都不诚实。

　　④ no more than与 not more than

　　no more than 强调“少”，译作“只有、不过、仅仅”

　　eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是说了我们所预料的而已。

　　eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天，但我却认为至少需要六天。

　　not more than 是客观叙述，意为“不超过”。

　　eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上带的钱不超过五美元。

　　eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超过10岁。

　　实例练习

　　1.

　　M: Wow, that's a big assignment we've got for the psychology class. W: Well , it's not as bad as it looks. It isn't due until Thursday morning. Q: What does the women mean?。

　　A. The assignment looks easy but actually it's quite difficult.

　　B. The assighment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C. They cannot finish the assighment until Thursday. D.They have plenty of time to work on the assighment.

　　2.

　　M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadn't heard from you for two months.

　　W: Yes, I know. But I've been too busy to phone him.

　　Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?

　　A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago. B. The woman had forgotten Mark's phone number. C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday. D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time.

　　阅读当中： eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too wague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.(0506阅读)

　　调查者将约2，000种产品上所标有的环保声明记录了下来，发现许多声明要么过于模糊，要么误导性太强，都不符合ISO 标准。

　　eg. "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." said Dr.Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.(0512阅读)

　　人们不应该躲避压力就像他们不应该躲避食物、爱情或锻炼身体一样， no more .... than...= not....any more than...

　　eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.(0606阅读)

　　这些被捕获的人绝对不是恐怖分子，他们之中大多数人只是中南美洲的非法移民。

　　eg. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems.(0506阅读)

　　国家资源防御委员会坚信政府勘探预测中数据的下限，认为在ANWR的沿岸平原地带可以经济性开采的石油只有32亿桶。这个数量对于缓解美国的能源问题实际上起不到什么作用，简直是沧海一粟。

　　总结：

　　1.部分否定

　　2.全部否定

　　3. 双重否定：①在一个句子中出现两个否定词;②形式否定，意义肯定

　　4. 形式肯定，意义否定

　　5. no more .... than与 not more ....than ;no more than与 not more than

英语四级高级语法讲解

　　实例练习

　　长句： eg. Yale professor and Harvard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai's Fudan University in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools.(0712阅读)

　　由徐天教授(耶鲁大学教授，霍华德.休斯医学院研究员)负责的人类疾病遗传学研究中心坐落在上海的复旦大学，但其工作人员却由耶鲁和复旦两所大学共同派人组成。

　　eg. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia , you'll die on average five years before a woman.(0812阅读)

　　假定你有幸活到生命的自然尽头--在澳大利亚男性大概是活到78岁--你平均也要比女性早去世五年。

　　eg. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learnd from our past, from the media , peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed(有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values.(0906阅读)

　　分析：when引导的是时间状语从句，question(质疑);challenge的宾语从句;这个句子就是一个when引导的时间状语从句，又分别在主从句当中各嵌入了一个宾语从句。

　　译文：当我们开始质疑问我们的假设，并且向我们所认为的我们从过去的经历、媒体、同辈、家人及朋友那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候，我们就会开始意识到我们的独断决定是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。

　　eg. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.

　　分析：这个句子有三点需要搞清楚。首先，这个句子是一个倒装结构;句子真正的主语是appreciatio- n，其次，要弄清楚to the health....中的to是与哪个词构成逻辑语义联系。它是与前面的名词importance 构成呼应，即the importance of .... to the health..., 即“对...健康的重要意义。”最后，要知道the num -ber of species in a particular ecosystem 的作用是充当同位语，解释biological diversity这个概念。

　　译文：人们对物种及其栖息地正加速丧失表示担忧，与此同时，人们一直越来越意识到生物多样性--即在一个特定生态系统中物种的总数--对于地球乃至我们人类健康的重要意义。

2021年下半年英语四级高级语法讲解.doc

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