APS 专业审核考试 世界政治经济与国际关系
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World politics economics and international relation Historical events The cold war: The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO1 allies and others such as Japan) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact). It was "cold" because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan that the two sides supported. In the 20th century 50 s: 1.Truman Doctrine: By 1947, US President Harry S. Truman's advisers urged him to take immediate steps to counter the Soviet Union's influence. Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to help Greek and turkey to rebuild their economy. The American government's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment2, the goal of which was to stop the spread of communism. 2.Marshall Plan: The plan's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe's balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections. The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American initiative3 to aid Europe, in which the United States gave $17 billion (approximately $160 billion in 2014 dollars) in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism. 3.By the 1970s both sides had become interested in accommodations to create a more stable and predictable international system, inaugurating a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US Nixon opening relations with the People's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight4 to the Soviet Union. 4.The early 1980s, Regan the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. 5. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing5 reforms of perestroika ("reorganization", 1987) and glasnost ("openness", ca. 1985) and ended Soviet involvement6 in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use 12 North Atlantic Treaty Organization n. 包含；牵制；容量；密闭度；抑制, 牵制；牵制 [遏制] 政策 3 n. 主动权；首创精神 adj. 主动的；自发的；起始的 4 n. 平衡力；平衡物 5 vt. 使自由化；宽大 vi. 自由化 6 n. 牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难 Soviet troops to bolster7 the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully (with the exception of the Romanian Revolution) overthrew8 all of the Communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive9 coup10 attempt in August 1991.( collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union) This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of Communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia, Cambodia and South Yemen. The United States remained as the world's only superpower. Now: one superpower and many powers BRICS: five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialized countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs; all five are G-20 members. The five BRICS countries represent almost 3 billion people which is 40% of the world population, with a combined nominal GDP of US$16.039 trillion (20% world GDP). Future : Multi-polarization in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system. It describes the nature of the international system at any given period of time. One generally distinguishes four types of systems: unipolarity, bipolarity, tripolarity, and multipolarity for four or more centers of power. The type of system is completely dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a region or globally. It is widely believed amongst theorists in international relations that the post-Cold War international system is unipolar: The United States’ defense spending is “close to half of global military expenditures; a blue-water navy superior to all others combined; a chance at a splendid nuclear first strike over its erstwhile foe, Russia; a defense research and development budget that is 80 percent of the total defense expenditures of its most obvious future competitor, China; and unmatched global power-projection capabilities.”[1] G-20 Back up: World War I, 1914年7月--1918年11月: 战争主要在由德国和奥匈帝国还有意大利组成的同盟国（Central Powers），和英国、法国、俄罗斯帝国和塞尔维亚组成的协约国（Allied Powers）之间进行。 World War 2, 1939年9月1日-1945年9月2日 Axis powers, The world anti-fascist Allies 7 n. 支持；长枕 vt. 支持；支撑 8 v. 推翻 9 adj. 失败的；流产的；堕胎的 10 n. 政变；妙计；出乎意料的行动；砰然的一击 vt. 使…颠倒；使…倾斜 vi. 推倒；倾斜；溢出 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/847bbd6602020740be1e9bc4.html