主谓一致语法笔记
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主谓一致 谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称、数上保持一致，叫主谓一致。处理主谓一致问题可依据三项原则：语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。 一、语法上一致： 谓语和主语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式，主语为复数，谓语也为复数形式。 A、谓语用单数的情况 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时。 例：The boy is clever enough to study maths well. To work hard is necessary. Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. Whether she comes or not is of no matter. 2、由and连接的并列单数主语的前边如果分别有each, every, 或no修饰时，其谓语要用单数形式。 例：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to education. No teacher and no student is going to take part in such a boring game. 3、主语是单数，其后尽管有as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等起连接作用的词语带其他名词，谓语动词仍用单数。 例：The teacher as well as the students likes this painting. 4、某些不定代词，如either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, every body, every one, everything, nobody, no one, nothing.等，当它们作主语时，通常用单数。 5、many a +单名，谓语用单数。 例：Many a student is coming. 6、the number of+复数名词，谓语用单数，中心词是number。 二、意义一致： 从意义着眼处理主谓一致问题，即主语形式为单数，意义为复数。谓语依意义而定用复数，反之，主语形式为复数，意义为单数，谓语用单数。 7、表时间、距离、价格、度量等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看时，谓语动词用单数。 例：Fifty years is not a long time. One hundred kilometers is a good distance. Four hundred dollars is more than she can afford. Five pounds is quite enough. 8、在说一个算式时，表数目的主语通常作单数看，谓语用单数。 例：20 plus 5 is 25. 9、以ics结尾的学科名称，如mathematics, physics, politics, news, works等都属形复意单名词，谓语用单数。 例：Mathematics seems to be difficult to me. The glass works was rebuilt in 1959. 10、用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。 例： “The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story book. The United States is a capitalist country. B、谓语用复数的情况： 1．主语为复数，谓语用复数。 例：They are doing their homework now. 2．用and或both… and连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。 例：Plastics and rubber never rot. He and I are classmates when we were at college. Both bread and butter were sold out in that shop. What he says and what he does do not agree. 但是：并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念其谓语要用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。 例： In this hotel, the bread and butter (= the bread with butter on it) is served for breakfast. A cart and horse was seen in the distance. The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor. Truth and honesty is the best policy. 3.一些只有复数形式的名词如clothes, scissors, trousers, shorts, scales, glasses等，它们作主语时，谓语要用复数。 例：The scales are mine. My trousers are being washed. 但：如果成双的东西前有a pair of来修饰时，谓语要用单数。 例：This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor. 4.表总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, people（人们、人民）作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 例：The police have not made any arrests. People are talking about the news. 5.以定冠词the + adj（或分词形式的adj.）作主语时，如果指的是一类人，谓语用复数。 例：The English speak English. The rich are not always happy. C、单复数依情况而定： 1、在主谓倒装句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。 例：Here comes an old lady. 2、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 例：Those who want to go please sign their names here. Some of the energy that is used by man nowadays comes from the atom. 3、 ① a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a heap of(一堆), heaps of, a large quantity of等+n构成的短语作主语 ②由分数、分数+n构成的短语作主语 ③the rest of / the remainder of / most of/half of短语作主语, 其谓语动词要根据短语中后面名词的数而定，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。 例：There are lots of people. Lots of damage was caused by the fire. Three-fourths of the people here are doctors Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. Only 30 percent of the students are… Only 30 percent of the water is… The rest of the books are… The rest of the water is… Half of the visitors are from Europe. Half of the fruit is bad. Most of them are… Most of the wood was used to make furniture. 4、有些集合名词，如family, team, group, crowd, crew, class, audience, government, company, committee等作主语时，如果看作一个整体用单数，如果就其中的一个成员而言，用复数。 例： family: My family is a big family. 5、疑问代词who, what, which，不定代词all, some, any, none等，谓语动词须视情况分别采取复数或单数形式。 例：Who is your brother? My family are watching TV. population: The population of the earth is increasing very fast. What is the population of China? One third of the population here are workers. Who are league members? 三、就近一致 有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1、在正式文体中，用连词or, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not only…but also等连接并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。 例：What he does or what he says does not concern me. Either he or I know the truth. He didn’t say whether some English novels or an English dictionary was wanted. Not only he but also you are wrong. 2、在倒装句中，谓语动词往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致。 例：Where is your mother and younger sisters? There is a notebook, a pen and some books on the desk. In the distance was heard the applause of the people, the shouts and clapping of hands. 但：也可按语法一致原则处理倒装句中主谓一致的问题。 例：There are a notebook, a pen and some books on the desk. 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/960133081a2e453610661ed9ad51f01dc2815701.html