现在完成时
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现在完成时 过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果 过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态 、 本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词： AAA型 buy bought bought begin began begun 原型 过去式 过去分词 build built built blow blew blown burst burst burst burn burnt burnt break broke broken cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cost cost cost dig dug dug draw drew drawn cut cut cut feel felt felt drive drove driven hit hit hit fight fought fought drink drank drunk hurt hurt hurt find found found fly flew flown put put put hear heard heard forgive forgave set set set hold held held forgiven shut shut shut keep kept kept forget forgot forgotten spread spread spread lay laid laid freeze froze frozen let let let lead led led give gave given AAB型 lose lost lost grow grew grown beat beat beaten make made made know knew known ABA型 meet met met ride rode ridden become became sell sold sold rise rose risen become shoot shot shot ring rang rung run ran run sit sat sat shake shook shaken come came come stand stood stood sing sang sung 特殊情况 sweep swept swept sink sank sunk read read read teach taught taught swim swam swum read原形发音为/ri:d/,过 tell told told throw threw thrown 去式和过去分词发音为/red/ think thought thought write wrote written ABB型 win won won bring brought brought ABC型 （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. 注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead 1.have代替buy 2、用keep或have代替borrow 3、用be替代become 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词 1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 1“be＋on”代start,begin 2“be＋up”代get up 3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表： 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. 11. havemarried → have been married； come/gone/moved to sw. 12. have started/begun to do sth. → →have been in sw./at…相应的介词 have done sth. ； 2. have come/gone back/returned → 13. have begun → have been on have been back 14. have borrowed/bought →have 3. have come/gone out →have been kept/had out 15. have lost → haven’t had 4. have become → have been 16. have put on →have worn 5. have closed / opened→ have been 17. have caught /get a cold → have had close/open a cold； 6. have got up → have been up； 18. have got to know → have known 7. have died → have been dead； 19. have/has gone to → have been in 8. have left sw. → have been away from 20. have joined/have taken part in the sw. league/the Party/the army 9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → →have been a member of/ have been have been asleep； in/have been the Party’s member/the 10. have finished/ended/completed → league member/the soldier… have been over； 注意： 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语） 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用. 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 ,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately等: 3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: 4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等: 5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. 6.现在完成时的"完成用法" 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。 7.现在完成时的"未完成用法" 现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。 注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。 8.一段时间+has passed+since从句 9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.) 10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 gone:去了没回 been to :去过 been in：呆了很久 11.不能与when连用 1）、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 过去分词”。 2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。 3）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。 4）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/a30d77fe910ef12d2af9e78a.html