第14讲 长难句:状语从句的翻译(上)

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第十四讲 长难句 状语从句的翻译(上)



今天这一讲及下一讲,我们讲状语及状语从句的翻译问题。

由于状语的翻译问题很有系统性,而且篇幅较大,而状语从句的内容又较多,想,还是作为单独一讲先讲解状语的翻译问题。本讲回顾状语的若干问题。希望为后面的内容打好基础。

与定语一样,状语也包括词汇状语、短语状语、从句状语等等。

1. 词汇状语

词汇状语比较简单,只有副词是唯一作状语的单词。 1.1 当其修饰整个句子时一般置于句首,汉译时相同。如:

Usually, the more crowded the conditions of living, the higher is the attack rate. 一般说来,居住得越拥挤,发生率也就越高。

1.2 当修饰形容词或副词,或者其他词组句子时一般置于被修饰成分前,汉译相同。如:

The mistake was made entirely through a misdiagnosis. 错误完全是由于一次误诊所致。

1.3 英语中,表示频率的副词,如frequentlyoftenusuallyalways等等,修饰动词时,一般置于实义动词(如predispose,诱发)前,连系动词或助动词be后,不过不同的是,汉译时需要前置。

Influenza frequently predisposes to highly fatal secondary infections of the lungs.

流感常常容易诱发死亡率很高的肺部继发性感染。


1.4 修饰及物动词时往往置于宾语后,不过若该副词为频率副词,则不论动词及物不及物,都置于动词前或助动词后,汉译时前置。

Its wear characteristics far exceed those of all currently employed ball occluders.

其耐磨性远远超过所有当前所采用的球形闭合器。

2. 短语状语

介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语等,都可以充当状语。而短语状语在句中不同的位置,在翻译中就需要不同的处理。下面分类讨论之。

2.1 短语状语谓语句首

我们在翻译中可以看到很多位于句首的短语状语,有的很长,在翻译中需要应维持原状不变。如:

In a given patient the choice of antihistaminic drug depends upon trial and error and a decision whether sedation is desired or not.

在特定的病人中,选用何种抗组胺药物,要用视差法,并需要取决于是否需要镇静疗法。

2.2 短语状语作为插入语位于句中或句末

在汉译时如果不至于造成句子各个部分的失衡,我们一般还是放在句首较好。果还是按照原语序的话,那将是非常复杂的。

Dust from floor, from the practical point of view, is probably a negligible source of airborne infection in operating rooms.

从适用的观点来看,地板上的灰尘或许是一种可被忽视的手术室内空气感染的来源。

2.3 句中较长的短语状语

如果句中的短语状语很长的话,我们一般还是不会在翻译中继续放在中间,而且放在句首或者句末。

The bacteria show on all the common culture media under aerobic conditions a


slimy growth.

在有氧条件下的所有普通培养基上,这种细菌都呈现出粘滑的生长。

2.4 短语状语用来修饰谓语

这种情况下短语状语一般都置于动词之后,而很少位于动词之前。汉译时短语状语一般位于谓语动词之前。

Our findings suggest that the symptoms of chronic bronchitis begin early in life. 我们的研究结果表明,慢性支气管炎症状的出现早在幼年就开始了。

2.5 多个短语状语并列的情况

我们通常会遇到有多个状语并列在一起的情况,英语中默认的顺序是动词→方式(程度)状语→地点状语→时间状语,而汉语的顺序相反:时间状语→地点状语→方式(程度)状语→动词,或者时间状语→地点状语→动词→方式(程度)状语

Influenza virus, like vintage wines, varies unpredictably from year to year. 流感病毒就像葡萄酒一样,一年一年未可预卜地变化着

英语中也会有目的状语、结果状语,一般在句末,或者动词后,汉译时一般也是这种顺序。仅举一例:

There is little doubt that antibiotics, particularly of the broad spectrum, can be used to reduce secondary bacterial infection.

毫无疑问,可以用抗生素,特别是光谱抗生素来减少继发性细菌感染

3. 从句状语

从句状语也相当于就是状语从句。关于状语从句的翻译我们会花专门的专题(也就是下一次)来讲。

一般状语从句的作用是修饰主句的多种成分,包括谓语动词、定语、状语,也可以修饰整个主句。状语从句也有顺序,一般是: 表示结果、比较、方式的状语从句在主句之后;


表示其他方面的在主句的前面或后面都可以。

汉译时需要将结果状语、比较状语放在主句后面,方式、原因状语则前后均可,其他状语从句则一般在前。 3.1 时间状语从句 3.1.1 译在句首

When an organism is nomozygous dominant, it has two dominant genes. 一个生物是显性纯合子,它就有两个显性基因。

Pulmonary congestion occurs when the lungs are filled with fluid. 肺部充满血液,就会发生肺充血。 3.1.2 转译为并列分句

一般这种情况是aswhilewhen等连词引导的时间状语从句。 The earth turns round its axis as it travels around the sun. 地球一面绕太阳运行,一面绕地轴自转。 3.1.3 转译为条件状语从句

When引导的状语从句有时可以表示条件状语从句的意义,而不是时间状语从句。

When the abnormal is sensed, an alarm is sounded to alert the nursing staff. 如果测出异常情况,闹铃响起来,引起护理人员的警觉。 3.2 地点状语从句 3.2.1 译成地点状语

Heat is always being transferred in on way or another, where there is any difference in temperature.

凡是有温差的地方,热都会以这样或那样的方式传播。 3.2.2 转译成条件状语从句或结果状语从句

跟上面降到的when引导条件状语从句相似,where或者wherever引导的可能是条件状语从句,而不是地点状语从句。需要明鉴。

It is hoped that solar energy will find wide application wherever it becomes available.

可以期望,太阳能将得到广泛的利用,以致任何地方都可以使用


3.3 原因状语从句

The application of knowledge of the ABO system in blood transfusion practice is of enormous importance since mistakes can have fatal consequences. 在输血中应用ABO血型系统的知识至关重要,因为输血失误可能置人于死地。 3.4 条件状语从句

3.4.1 译成表示条件假设的分句,放在句首

Recessive genes are only expressed if no dominant gene is present. 只有在显性基因不存在的情况下,隐形基因才回表现出来。

Circulation is slowed down if the blood dangerous to delay the operation. 如果血液过于稠密,血液循环就会变慢。 3.4.2 译成补充说明情况的分句,放在句末

The patient was discharged from hospital yesterday, if you want to know. 该病人已经于昨天出院,如果你想知道的话。 3.5 让步状语从句

3.5.1 译成表示让步的分句

Although a cold itself is not serious, many of its complications are. 虽然感冒本身并不严重,许多并发症却是严重的。

Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not be conceited, 即使我们在工作中取得了巨大的成绩,不应该自满。 3.5.2 译成表示无条件的条件分句

这里所说的无条件,指的是由不管”“无论”“不论等关联词引导的句子。 No matter what technique is used, however, elimination of all the cancer cells is the goal, and it is presumed that is the requirement of cure.

然而,不管采用何种技术,其最终的目的都是消灭一切癌细胞,这被认为是根治癌肿的必要条件。

本期作业:

由于下期讲的是状语从句的翻译,所以这一讲讲了状语成分的翻译后,我给大家布置的作业都是下一讲中需要用到的例子,给大家提前翻译了哈!有难度的话可


以先放在一边,但尽力而为之。

希望大家尽力而为之。毕竟锻炼以下,对自己帮助还是很大的。光看我讲的没用,更多的是需要实践。

也希望版主能够给认真回答作业的战友给予积分奖励。可以视回答程度给予1~2分。最好有区分度吧!我的个人建议而已。 1. Complication must be treated as they arise.

2. It seems unlikely that infection plays an initial role as cultures made in early cases are usually sterile.

3. It is just as important for the body to get rid of its waste gases as it is to get the oxygen in.

4. The skeleton, which is composed of 203 bones, forms the framework and supports the body as the reinforced concrete construction supports the modern building.

5. Take good care of the patients so that may recover more rapidly.

6. The symptoms of the disease are very slight, so that it is difficult to make correct diagnosis.

7. An X-ray examination is often given so that the diagnosis may be confirmed.

8. Inasmuch as the pathology, clinical picture and treatment of the two conditions are different, they warrant separate descriptions.

9. Supposing that there is no evidence of secondary metastasis, the treatment


is operative.

10. No proof has been provided that gastric hypomotility or stasis is more prevalent in patients with gastric ulcer than in the normal population.

11. No sooner had they set up an operating-room than the wounded soldiers were brought in.

12. The first attack may only last for a few days or a week or so with a long period of freedom until the next presents itself.

13. Not until the microscope had been discovered could the faintest idea of the texture of the nervous tissue be formed.


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