attributes of a profession
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Ernest Greenwood，In the July 1957 issueofSocial WorkCited five basic attributes of professions. I. Systematic Theory Not superior skill, but the nature of the skill Knowledge organized into a body of theory based onabstract propositionsthat describe the classes of phenomenacomprising the profession's focus of interest Preparation to practice must be intellectual as well as practical experience But, a profession can't be “bound to its theory” but must have “rationality.” Willingness to replace any aspect of theory with newer formulations that are more valid Explains a division of labor in many professions between practice and research Causes the “body of knowledge to increase” II. Authority Professional Authority stems from the contrast between: The extensive education that Imparts a professional knowledgethat Highlightsthe comparative ignorance of lay people The difference is illustrated in the difference betweenclients [professionals] Clients must rely on what the professional determines and must either seek other counsel or accede to professional judgmentandcustomers [non-professionals] Customers determine what service he wants/needs, and shops around to find them Recent societal changes have eroded this professional authority since Greenwood 's time. III. Community Sanction Certain powers and privileges enforced through community police powers Professional licensing Minimum criteria to enter profession Education Experience Apprenticeship Like having a monopoly, granted by government This explains why many non-professional occupations seek professional status IV. Ethical Codes Uniquely professional, to the point that “ethical” has often beenconsidered “professional” Essentials are uniform, and describeproper client/professional relations, andproper professional/professional relations Professionals must be motivated less by self-interest and more by quality, as defined by the needs and interests of the client and the public Non-professionals in contrast can withhold service on rather arbitrary basis, and can dilute the quality of his commodity or service to fit the size of the client's pocketbook Compliance with ethical standards must be enforcedby the profession V. A Culture SocialValue:The service that a professional providesto society is so vital that regulation isrequired to preventunqualifiedpersons fromperformingthem. Norms: There are proper ways to behave, e.g. to progress within theprofession, tosecuring appointments, to make referrals,toobtain clients. Symbols: Insignia, emblems, distinctive dress,history, fork-lore,buzzwords. 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/ab25084819e8b8f67d1cb942.html