说明文三种写作手法的例文
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1. comparison and contrast European Football and American Football Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada). Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions on the field, is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates, needs special protective equipment. In soccer, the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish association and American football. 这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 samples of comparison and contrast paragraphs Comparison/Contrast paragraphs There are some distinct similarities between fast food and home cooked meals. The first similarity is that they both provide a variety of choices. There are a number of selections available in restaurants; salads, burgers, sandwiches and more. Similarly, if the ingredients are available, anything can be cooked in your own kitchen. Another similarity is that each can be relatively inexpensive. Fast food can be very cheap since many meals are under five dollars. In the same way, home cooked meals also can be reasonable especially if ingredients are carefully considered for the cost. Thirdly, both fast food and home cooked meals can be delicious. We know that many people enjoy the taste of fast food because it is popular around the world. Likewise, home cooked meals can certainly be yummy if they are prepared just as you like them. Although there are a number of similarities, there are several differences between fast and home cooked meals. The first difference is that fast food is generally more fattening since oil is frequently used in the cooking process. In contrast, the fat content can be controlled in home cooking. Another important difference is the amount of time that each takes. Fast food is obviously quick since menus are limited and a number of staff are involved in the preparation and cooking process. However, home cooked meals take longer to complete since one person is usually responsible for the entire meal. The third difference is convenience. Fast food is ready-made and always available whereas home cooked meals are not instant. Sample 2 Compare My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle. Thirdly, both of these towns are similar in that both contain college campuses. Gridlock, for example, is home to Neutron College, which is famous for its Agricultural Economics program as well as for its annual Corn-Watching Festival. Likewise, the town of Subnormal boasts the beautiful campus of Quark College, which is well known for its Agricultural Engineering department and also for its yearly Hog-Calling Contest. Contrast Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. To begin with, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline. 3.分类法(classification) 在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识，如： Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by crtain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs. 在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的 "various forms of communication"，作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。 采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分。 The Way to Achieve Success Many successful people say that they owe much of their success to the cultivation of certain good habits in early life. In forming good habits, I think we should pay attention to four things, that is, honesty, industry (勤勉), enthusiasm, and thrift (节俭). “Honesty is the best policy”. This is a proverb to which we must pay attention. There are so many temptations (诱惑) in society that through a little carelessness we may go astray (走入歧途). But when we are honest, people will not be dishonest to us. Industry gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. To do nothing is to ruin oneself. Enthusiasm is a great force. One's soul will expand if one devotes oneself to a noble cause. The difficulties in our way are tremendous, but what can we not accomplish, if with enthusiasm? There are many proverbs which set forth the advantages of thrift. Since we live in a world where money is a very powerful thing, we should always try to save part of our earnings for future use. These are the four things to which we must pay attention. It is only in this way that we can achieve success. Sample 4 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Cyber Crimes. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1． 网上犯罪的形式很多，如…… 2． 网上犯罪的根源。 3． 如何打击网上犯罪现象。 Cyber Crimes Nowadays cyber criminals seem to be everywhere, with a few clicks, committing all kinds of cyber crimes. To illustrate, some commit fraud or lift intellectual property. Others subvert deals, snatch passwords or disrupt e-commerce. Still others unleash viruses to crash computers. As a result, these hackers do a great damage to companies and computer user, causing computer losses up to 10 billion dollars per year. Naturally, there are many causes for the cyber crimes. In addition to the wicked nature of the hackers, the frailties of Internet partially nourish the crimes. Just because there are holes in Internet-the complex soft ware is buggy and often infested, the cyber vandals can find out the weakness in the Website software programs and by manipulating software glitches, gain access to Website, committing all kinds of crimes. However, we shouldn’t tolerate these cyber criminals any more. And it’s high time for us to take all the effective steps to battle the cyber crooks. First we should reinforce the cyber laws to protect the Web, the powerful engine of economy. Besides, we should use high techniques to improve intrusion detection, encryption and computer security. Finally, we should train more talented people to build up more firewalls so as to make the Net immune to all kinds of viruses and unassailable to all a kinds off cyber criminals. 4.illustration 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example, for instance, still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的： Recreation It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation. The mind, too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous There is much truth in the old saying, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done, for instance, football, tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating, fishing, gardening, cycling, walking, chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work should adopt reading or some other quiet form of recreation. Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation, but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience, and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation. 可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/eff1bab169dc5022aaea0009.html