反义词论文
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Antonymy 1.Definition Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 2.Types 2.1There are a variety of “oppositeness”. They can be classified into three major groups on the basis of semantic contrast: A. Contraries Contrary is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings where the two meanings lie on a continuous spectrum. Temperature is such a continuous spectrum so hot and cold, two meanings on opposite ends of the spectrum, are gradable antonyms. 1. Gradable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. i.e. we often say: but there are also cold—hot --------- chilly, cool, warm … old—young --------- middle-aged…. beautiful—ugly --------- plain, good-looking… rich—poor --------- well-to-do big—small --------- tiny… And they may have comparative and superlative degrees. We can see clearly from these comparison : Big--bigger—biggest, Small--smaller—smallest, Old--older--oldest Young--younger—youngest. 2. Being graded against different norms No absolute criterion by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The criterion varies with the object described: i.e. (1)A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane. (2)A microcomputer is giant by the standard of microorganism. 3. One member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. That means, in general, it is the cover term that is more often used. If the covered is used, then it suggests that there is something odd, unusual here. i.e. "How old are you? ―same as "What is your age?" We ask somebody "How old are you?" and the person asked may not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or three. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as "What is your age?" B. Complementaries Means the members of a pair in this type are complemtary to each other. That is they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely.: Alive—dead male—female present—absent innocent—guilty odd—even pass—fail (a test) hit—miss(a target) boy—girl 1. These antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. Take Alive and Dead as examples. He is alive = He is not dead He is dead =He is not alive no intermediate ground between the two If he is really not alive, then he is dead completely, not just half-dead 2. The adjectives in this type cannot be modified by very. For example, we cant say very dead or very alive . 3. Do not have comparative or superlative degrees i.e. 1. He is more dead than alive. =―It is more correct to say that he is dead than to say he is alive‖ 2. John is more mad than stupid = ―It is more correct to say John is mad than to say John is stupid‖ C. Converses Converse is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings. 1. Relational The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. Such as parent—child , husband—wife predecessor—successor, employer—employee. 2. Spatial Which feature can be explained by these words: above-below , here-there , right-left. 3 Reciprocal This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise adj. and adv. signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse the quality, action or state of the other. For example: Sell—buy , give—receive , borrow-lend. A sells sth. to B means B buys it from A. B buys sth. from A means A sells it to B A gives a gift to B .means B receives it from A B receives a gift from A means A gives it to B. Two words of each pair are interdependent. 2.2 Types of Morphological structure root antonyms： words with different roots. We can see from these words : deep-shallow , to love-to hate , up-down , clear– vague , large– small. Derivational antonyms：words with same roots having negative affixes happy-unhappy conformist-nonconformist possible-impossible loyal-disloyal prewar-postwar code-decode 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/f6ffa019f211f18583d049649b6648d7c1c70824.html