2018医学考博英语,2018考博辅导：考博英语语法重点总结

【#考博# 导语】芬芳袭人花枝俏，喜气盈门捷报到。心花怒放看通知，梦想实现今日事。喜笑颜开忆往昔，勤学苦读最美丽。继续扬鞭再向前，前途无量正灿烂。愿你前途无量,考入理想院校。以下是©文档大全网为大家整理的 《2018考博辅导：考博英语语法重点总结》供您查阅。
【文章一】

独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装
独立主格特征
1. 充当句子的状语。
2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
4.　With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
真题剖析
(1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are　46　of the material which would　47　feed them.　
45. A. For　
B. As　
C. With　
D. Because　
练习：
Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.　
8. A. is　
B. having　
C. being　
D. be
虚拟语气
虚拟语气（2）
1. （should）+动词原形
It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
would rather +动词过去式
真题剖析
(1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I　47　say that teaching is hard work . …
47. A. do　
B. did　
C. don’t　
D. didn’t
(1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration　52 , and they　53　that the professor be sent home.　
53. A. ordered　
B. pleaded　
C. decided　
D. demanded
练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.　
15. A. took　
B. would take　
C. will take　
D. should take　
(2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.　
(even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
54.A. shall　
B.will　
C.would　
D.should
非谓语动词
动名词、分词、不定式。
主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
真题剖析
(2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies　60　into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
60. A. dropped　
B. to drop　
C. dropping　
D.drops
(2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a　59　life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.　
59. A. destructive　
B. dissatisfied　
C. damaged　
D. derivative　
主谓一致
1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
How you got there doesn’t concern me.
Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
2.　表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.　
3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
Everyone knows that you’ve come here.　
If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back.　(--thing 的情况例外)
6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
He no less than John is interested in literature.
7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
Either my father or my brothers are coming.　
8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
真题剖析
(2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year,　54 of urbanization ever recorded.
53. A. none　
B. few　
C. any　
D. some　
倒装
全部倒装
1. “There (Here) +be+主语”　
There stand big buildings in this district.
Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
【文章二】
限定词的用法
1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
从句为考察重点
(1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that　51　was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …　
51. A. which　
B. what　
C. it　
D. that　
(1998) They learned to　51　their farming habits to the climate and soil.　52　they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving　53　, they invited their neighbors, …
52. A. While　
B. When　
C. So　
D. If　
(1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that　45　Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”,　46　a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.　
46. A. though　
B. when　
C. while　
D. and that　
omitting the subject　
Rather formal use
让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers.　这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.　
Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
WHILE
1.He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
2.I often knit while watching TV.
3.While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
AND
1. often used to link clauses I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
WHERE　
1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.　
2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.　
4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.　
5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference) WHICH　
(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?　
Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.　
He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
She may have missed the train, in which case she won’t arrive for another hour.
THAT　多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。　
WHAT
(有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
1. No one knows exactly what happened.
2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
3.I could get you a job here if that’s what you want.
4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.　
5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
AS
1.比较
His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.　
2.作为，正如… We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.　
David, as you know, has not been well lately.　
3.看作，看待
The result of last week’s election will be seen as a victory.
4.当…时候= while or when　
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.　
5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.　
6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
I’d be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
【文章三】
过去分词与形容词的语义差：
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
the destructive power of modern weapons
Damaged: being in a bad state
emotionally damaged children
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements　
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.
Respectful: feeling or showing respect
They listened in respectful silence.
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
Lovable: a sweet lovable child
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.
虚拟语气
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别　
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)　
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。　
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。　
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)　
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)　
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。　
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.　
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别　
(1)不定式作表语　
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。　
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。　
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。　
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。　
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。　
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。　
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。　
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。　
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.　
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．　
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。　
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。　
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。　
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.　
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．　
(3)分词作表语　
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：　
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的　
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的　
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的　
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的　
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的　
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的　
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的　
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的　
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的　
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的　
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。　
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。　
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。　
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。　
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别　
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：　
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语　
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语　
attempt企图　enable能够　neglect忽视　
afford负担得起　demand要求　long渴望　
arrange安排　destine注定　mean意欲，打算　
begin开始　expect期望　omit忽略，漏　
appear似乎，显得　determine决定　manage设法　
cease停止　hate憎恨，厌恶　pretend假装　
ask问　dread害怕　need需要　
agree同意　desire愿望　love爱　
swear宣誓　volunteer志愿　wish希望
bear承受　endeavor努力　offer提供　
beg请求　fail不能　plan计划　
bother扰乱；烦恼　forget忘记　prefer喜欢，宁愿　
care关心，喜欢　happen碰巧　prepare准备　
decide决定　learn学习　regret抱歉，遗憾　
choose选择　hesitate犹豫　profess表明　
claim要求　hope希望　promise，允许　
start开始　undertake承接　want想要　
consent同意，赞同　intend想要　refuse拒绝　
decide决定　learn学习　vow起　
contrive设法，图谋　incline有…倾向　propose提议　
seek找，寻觅　try试图　
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式　
ask要求，邀请　get请，得到　prompt促使　
allow允许　forbid禁止　prefer喜欢，宁愿　
announce宣布　force强迫　press迫使　
bride 收买　inspire鼓舞　request请求　
assist协助　hate憎恶　pronounce断定，表示　
advise劝告　exhort告诫，勉励　pray请求　
authorize授权，委托 help帮助　recommend劝告，推荐　
bear容忍　implore恳求　remind提醒　
beg请求　induce引诱　report报告
compel强迫　invite吸引，邀请，　summon传唤　
command命令　intend想要，企图　show　显示　
drive驱赶　mean意欲，打算　train训练　
cause引起　instruct指示　require要求　
deserve应受　leave使，让　tell告诉　
direct指导　like喜欢　tempt劝诱　
entitle有资格　order命令　warn告诫　
enable使能够　need需要　urge激励，力说　
encourage鼓励　oblige不得不　want想要　
condemn指责，谴责　lead引起，使得　teach教　
entreat恳求　permit允许　wish希望　
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语　
acknowledge承认，自认　cease 停止　mention说到，讲到　
admit 承认　tolerate忍受　dislike不喜欢，讨厌　
advocate：提倡，主张　complete完成　dread可怕　
appreciate 感激，欣赏　confess坦白　endure忍受　
avoid避免　contemplate细想　enjoy享有，喜爱　
bear忍受　defer拖延　envy嫉妒　
can’t help不禁　delay延迟　escape逃跑，逃避　
can’t stand受不了　deny否认　excuse借口　
consider 考虑　detest嫌恶　fancy幻想，爱好　
favor 造成，偏爱　mind 介意　repent悔悟　
figure描绘，计算　miss错过　resent怨恨　
finish完成，结束不得　pardon原谅，饶恕　resist抵抗，阻止　
forgive原谅　permit 允许　resume恢复　
imagine设想　postpone延迟，延期　risk冒险
involve卷入，包含　practise 实行，实践　suggest建议　
hate讨厌　prevent阻止　save营救，储蓄　
keep保持　quit放弃停止　stand坚持，忍受　
loathe非常讨厌，厌恶　recall回想　
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。　
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别　
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）　
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）　
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事　
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事　
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）　
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)　
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾　
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔　
5）try to do努力、企图做某事　
try doing试验、试一试某种办法　
6) mean to do打算，有意要…　
mean doing意味着　
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）　
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）　
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）　
proposing doing建议（做某事）　
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念　
（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：　
I should like to see him tomorrow．　
10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。　
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?　
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。　
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)　
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)　
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。　
Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。　
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。　
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
【文章四】
4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别　
(1）不定式作定语　
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系　
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。　
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。　
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系　
Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。　
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。　
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。　
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。　
There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。　
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：　
ability能力，本领　drive赶，驾驶　movement运动，活动　
ambition抱负，野心　effort努力，尝试　need需要，需求　
campaign战役，运动　failure失败，不及格　opportunity机会　
chance机会　force力，压力，要点　promise许诺，希望　
courage勇气　intention意向，意图　reason理由，原因　
decision决定　method方法，方式　light光，光线，亮光　
determination决心，决定　motive动机，目的　struggle奋斗，努力，　
tendency倾向，趋势　wish希望，愿望，祝愿　
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。　
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。　
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。　
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do　
His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。　
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．　
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。　
He is always the first to come and the last to leave．　
他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。　
(2)分词作定语　
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：　
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。　
2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。　
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。　
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。　
The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。　
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?　
He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。　
3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：　
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come　
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系　
一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?　
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？　
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?　
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？　
5．不定式和分词作状语的区别　
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。　
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。　
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。　
He went out shutting the door behind him.　
他出去后将门随手关上。　
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.　
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。　
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。　
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.　
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。　
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.　
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。　
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别　
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。　
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)　
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)　
2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。　
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)　
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)　
Reading carefully，you’ll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)　
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)　
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)　
We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)　
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：　
a：not/never too…to,　too…not to　, but/only too… to,　too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义　
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。　
c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。
【文章五】
6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构　
（1)疑问词+不定式结构　
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：　
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)　
I don’t know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)　
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)　
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）
（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：　
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。　
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：　
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.　
(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。　
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.　
(3)不带to的不定式　
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：　
feel　觉得　observe 注意到，看到　overhear听到　
watch注视　listen to听　perceive察觉，感知　
notice注意　see看见　look at看　hear听　
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.　
2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：　
Let him do it.让他做吧。　
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。　
(注)：　
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：　
He was seen to come．　
The boy was made to go to bed early.　
②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:　
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。　
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：　
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。　
但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。　
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。　
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。　
（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构　
1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：　
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。　
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：　
It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。　
2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词’s+动名词。例如：　
Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。　
He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。　
3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。　
间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。　
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7．非谓语动词中的有关句型　
（1）动名词作主语的句型　
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。　
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.　
It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。　
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。　
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。　
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．　
It is useless speaking.光说没用。　
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。　
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。　
It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。　
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)　
There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。　
There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。　
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)　
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。　
6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing　
have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.　
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划有困难。　
7)feel like + 名词　感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to +原形动词　
I feel like a newborn baby．我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。　
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?　
I don’t feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想读书。　
8) spend/waste time doing sth.　
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他们花了许多时间作准备。　
9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。　
This problem requires studying with great care．这个问题需要仔细研究。　
10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）　
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.　
(2)有关分词句型　
1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。例如：
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。　
I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他们排演戏。　
I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。　
2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如：　
I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。　
If she catches me reading her diary，she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。　
We found him waiting to receive us．我们发现他正等着接待我们。　
3)go +现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。　
I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露营。　
I’ll go shopping．我去商店。　
Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗?　
4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…　
I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。　
His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批阅考卷。　
或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。　
He is busy with his work．他忙着工作。　
5)What do you say to + ing分词?(……怎么样?)　
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样?　
（3）有关动词不定式句型　
下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。　
can not help but do,　can not but do,　cannot choose but do,　can do nothing but do,　have no choice/alternative to do　
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.　
(4)there be的非谓语形式　
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。)　
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作宾语如1991年题30)　
1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：　
We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。　
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。　
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我们并不反对在这里开会。　
It isn’t enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely．(作状语)
2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。　
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)　
It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)　
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)　
3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。　
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。　
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。　
4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如：
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．这是到南京的最快一班车。　
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。
【文章六】
目标测试　
1．______in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut．　
A．To make high scores　
B．Making high scores　
C．To make low goal　
D．Making low goal　
2．I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given．　
A．no possibility　
B．there was impossibility　
C．impossible　
D．it impossible　
3．The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams．　
A．is　
B．being　
C．have been　
D．to be　
4．You’re going to England next year． You should now practise ______English as much as possible．　
A．speak　
B．to speak　
C．speaking　
D．Speak about　
5．If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______ the train．　
A．miss　
B．missing　
C．being missed　
D．to miss　
6． The flexibility of film allows the artist _______ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters．　
A．to bring　
B．brining　
C．is brought　
D．brings　
7．Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair____．
A．to sit　
B．for to sit on　
C．to sit on　
D．for sitting　
8． Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ______ her?　
A．please　
B．pleased　
C．to please　
D．having pleased　
9．Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s be
D．He must have done nothing but ______．　
A．drink　
B．to drink　
C．drinking　
D．drunk　
10．The local health organization is reported ___ twenty-five years age when Dr． Adudon became its first president．　
A．to be set up　
B．being set up　
C．to have been set up　
D．having been set up　
11．I heard him __the door　
A．locking　
B．to lock　
C．lock　
D．being locking　
12．He does nothing but___　
A．complaining　
B．to complaining　
C．complain　
D．to complain　
13．The students expected there___ more reviewing classes before the final exam．　
A．is　
B．being　
C．have been　
D．to be　
14． The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___ in broad daylight　yesterday．　
A．to be robbed　
B．robbed　
C．to have been robbed　
D．having been robbed　
15．I appreciated ______the opportunity to study abroad two years ago．　
A．having been given　
B．having been　
C．to have been given　
D．to have given　
16．There is no point ___further．　
A．argue　
B．to argue　
C．arguing　
D．being arguing　
17．Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ___with other elements, most commonly with oxygen．　
A．combined　
B．having combined
C．combine　
D．being combined　
18．They stopped ___, but now I’m getting intereste D．
A．listening　
B．to listen　
C．listen　
D．having listening　
19．I am sorry to hear that you resorted ___　
A．to cheat　
B．to cheating　
C．cheating　
D．cheat　
20．He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members．　
A．being considered　
B．considering．　
C．to be considered　
D．having considered　
21．___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South．　
A．To be free　
B．Freeing　
C．To free　
D．Freed　
22．___exceptions, the rule may stan D．
A．Allow for　
B．Allowing for
C．To allow　
D．To allow for　
23．All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train．　
A．were canceled　
B．had been canceled　
C．having canceled　
D．having been canceled　
24．John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___　
A．folding　
B．to have folded　
C．to fold　
D．folded　
25．It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing worl D．
A．taking　
B．to take　
C．take　
D．taken　
26．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus．　
A．to have caught　
B．to catch　
C．catching　
D．having caught　
27．I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____．　
A．to cut it with　
B．to cut with it　
C．with it to cut　
D．it to cut with　
28．The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior．　
A．to provide　
B．providing　
C．having providing　
D．provide　
29．His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expecte D．
A．convincing　
B．convinced　
C．to convince　
D．being convincing　
30．I recommend you　___ what he says．　
A．do　
B．doing　
C．to do　
D．to doing　
31．How about ____ there?　
A．to go　
B．go　
C．going　
D．to going　
32．He is an　___teacher．　
A．advancing　
B．advanced　
C．being advancing　
D．advance　
33．The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century
A．was　
B．being　
C．is　
D．having been　
34．I have no idea of ___it．
21．___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South．　
A．To be free　
B．Freeing　
C．To free　
D．Freed　
22．___exceptions, the rule may stan
D．
A．Allow for　
B．Allowing for
C．To allow　
D．To allow for　
23．All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train．　
A．were canceled　
B．had been canceled　
C．having canceled　
D．having been canceled　
24．John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___　
A．folding　
B．to have folded　
C．to fold　
D．folded　
25．It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing worl D．
A．taking　
B．to take　
C．take　
D．taken　
26．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus．　
A．to have caught　
B．to catch　
C．catching　
D．having caught　
27．I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____．　
A．to cut it with　
B．to cut with it　
C．with it to cut　
D．it to cut with　
28．The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior．　
A．to provide　
B．providing　
C．having providing　
D．provide　
29．His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expecte D．
A．convincing　
B．convinced　
C．to convince　
D．being convincing　
30．I recommend you　___ what he says．　
A．do　
B．doing　
C．to do　
D．to doing　
31．How about ____ there?　
A．to go　
B．go　
C．going　
D．to going　
32．He is an　___teacher．　
A．advancing　
B．advanced　
C．being advancing　
D．advance　
33The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century．
A．was　
B．being　
C．is　
D．having been
【文章七】
虚拟语气归纳和练习
虚拟语气的重点是：　
1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。　
2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。　
3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。　
4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。　
上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。
下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。　
一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型　
（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气　
A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。　
B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。　
C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。　
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.　
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”　
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”　
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.　
(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。　
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.　
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：　
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。　
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。　
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。　
（4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。　
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.　
It is high time that we　put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。　
（5）as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：　
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.　
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.　
（6）由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：　
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。　
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.　
(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：　
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.　
(8) 虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。　
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。　
(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等　
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虚拟语气　
虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。　
A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：
ask要求　advise建议　arrange安排　beg请求　
command命令　decide决定　demand要求　desire渴望　
determine决定　insist坚持　intend打算　maintain坚持主张　
move建议，动员　propose提议　object反对　order命令　
prefer建议　require 需要　request要求　resolve下决心　
recommend推荐　suggest建议　stipulate约定，规定　urge强调，促进　
vote公认，提议　decree颁布（法令）　pray请求　
注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。　
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）　
She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语）　
She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)　
B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：　
advisable合理的　decided决定的　crucial关键的　appropriate恰当的　
determined决定的　commanded命令的　arranged安排的　essential紧要的，基本的　
complied遵照　anxious焦急的　imperative迫切的 important重要的　
desirable合意的　better较好的，更好　insistent坚持的　desired想要　
asked请求　keen渴望的　incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的　
natural自然的　insisted坚持　necessary必要的　suggested建议　
urgent紧迫的　ordered命令　shocked震惊的　vital极其重要的　
possible可能的　strange 奇怪的　preferable （好一点） proposed提议　
requested要求的　required要求的　recommended推荐　resolved决定的　
probable（可能的）　pity可惜，憾事　shame遗憾　
注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…　
来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。　
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.　
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.　
C．用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：
advice忠告　decision决定　demand要求　desire要求、愿望　
insistence坚持　motion提议　necessity必要性　order命令　
preference偏爱　proposal提议　pray恳求　recommendation推荐　
request要求　requirement要求　resolution决心　suggestion劝告、忠告　
例如：　
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。　
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。
【文章八】>
三、混合虚拟语气　
有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。　
If you　that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.　
A. haven’t watched　
B. didn’t watch　
C. hadn’t watched　
D. wouldn’t have watched　答案选C。　
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.　
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.　
混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。　
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.　
该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。　
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.　
该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释的话），但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。　
四、含蓄虚拟条件句　
含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：　
（1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。　
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of　
B. But for　
C. Because of　
D. As for　答案选B。　
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.　
(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。　
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wante
D.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wante
D.　
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.　
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：　
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。　
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。　
（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。　
I thought the children　when we returned home, but they were still awake.　
A. were sleeping　
B. would be sleeping　
C. had been sleeping　
D. would sleep选择 B。　
(4)形容词及其比较级　
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.　
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.　
(5)分词短语　
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.　
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.　
(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。　
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.　
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.　
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.　
It would be easier to do it this way.　
(7)名词短语和名词+and结构　
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.　
A diligent student would have worked harder.　
(8)独立主格结构　
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.　
(9)定语从句　
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.　
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.　
(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：　
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.　
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)动词原形表示虚拟　
动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。　
God bless you!　
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.　
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).　
If that be so, we shall take action at once

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