【#考研# 导语】我深深地理解,耗费了多少时间,战胜了多少困难,你才取得眼前的成绩。请你相信,在你追求、拼搏和苦干的过程中,我将永远面带微笑地站在你的身旁。以下是©文档大全网为大家整理的《2019山东省考研英语语法全面举例讲解》供您查阅。
【强调句构成及处理】
●强调句的构成:
It is +被强调部分+that( who ) +句子其他成分
【解析】现在时间为is;过去时间为was;被强调部分为动词外的任何成分;强调对象为人则用who或者that;强调对象为物则只能用that;句子的其他成分为正常语序。
●强调句的处理方法:
去掉强调格式后,将被强调部分还原到句子中。
例1:It was she , a Baltimore printer , who published the first offcial copies of the Declaration , the first included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies .
【解析】
去掉强调格式后,还原句子为:She , a Baltimore printer , published the first official copies of the Declaration , the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies 被强调对象为主与。
【译文】
她,巴尔的摩的印刷商,出版了第一本官方的《独立宣言》在这个版本里包含有每个签署者的名字,这样一来就表明了全部十三个殖民地的支持。
例2:Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .
【解析】
去掉强调格式以后,句子还原为:Thus , in the American economic system ,the system , the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desirs of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .被强调对象为主语。
【译文】于是,在美国的经济系统中,个人消费者的需求,商人利润化的*及个人收入化的渴求,共同决定了应该生产什么产品,以及如何利用资源来成产这些产品。
例3:It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.
【it的5种用法】
It分为两种情况,一种是指代性it,另一种则为非指代性it。在此为大家介绍it的几种用法。
指代性it一般是指人称代词it, it作人称代词时可指代事物、动物、婴儿、未知的人或一件事。
例句1:It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 这句话中第二个it就是指代前面的theory。这是一个许多经济学家赞同的理论,但是在实际中,它往往会使得铁路处于一个决定哪些公司会兴旺,哪些公司会衰败的地位中。
例句2: Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 在这句话中,it指代a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 这一情况。除非这些问题得到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的方法也可能随之受到排斥。
第二种情况是非指代性it。非指代性it是相对于作人称代词的it而言的。他们往往没有具体意义上的主语,它用于表示气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等。非指代性it常作seem, appear, look, happen, occur, follow等动词的主语,构成特定的句型。
例句:From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.这句中it没有实际意义,为非指代性用法,that引导表语从句。从热点人口分析中可以看出,非洲板块是静止不动的,而且在过去的三百万年中也从未移动过。
当然,在考研考试中,it的重难点更加具体和明确。
it 做先行词。it做形式主语或者形式宾语。It作形式主语时,往往放在句首,将真正的主语(动词不定式、动名词、从句)放在之后。其中it可作形式主语指代不定式,这时常见的谓语有:take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need等。另外,it形式主语指代It形式主语指代从句,而且主要形式为It is+a.+than; It is+n.+that; It is+done+that; It+vi+that;
例如:It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspaper.
It做形式宾语是放在谓语动词与宾语补足语之间,指代不定式、动名词、从句等。后接it作形式宾语的谓语动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count等。
引导强调句的it。同学们所熟悉的强调句型中,它的基本形式就是“it+be的某种形式+that/who从句”。当被强调部分是人时须用who, 其他情况用that。例句:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 在because从句中就运用了it was ….that的强调句型,强调部分为the Federal Circuit itself. 对商业方法专利申请的限制将会是一个巨大的改变,因为这些专利正是联邦巡回法院自己在1998年审理一个被称作“美国道富银行”的案件时提出的,判决中巡回法院批准了一项共同基金资产集资方法的专利。
【动词完成时态的用法和选择】
在学习考研英语谓语动词时,我们常常会遇到谓语动词的四种变化,分别是时态、语态、情态和*(即虚拟语气)。其中非常重要而又容易混淆的便是动词时态的用法和选择。好多情况下是同学们记不住各种时态的细微差别,或是老师讲解时可以分清怎么去使用,过一段时间却又忘记了。出现这种情况主要是因为同学们没有抓住时态的关键点,一是时,一是态。时指时间,包括过去,过去将来,现在,将来。态指状态,有完成(全部完成)和未完成(部分完成)两种状态。本文我们就时态中比较难的而且是同学们易出错的完成时态进行重点讲解。
态,顾名思义,是指一件事存在的状态,有完成(全部完成)和未完成(部分完成)两种。而我们在学习时一说起完成时态,同学们经常想到的是事情完成了这一种状态,常常忽略了第二种情况,那就是事情没有全部完成,只是完成了一部分。这种情况在生活中也是常常出现的,比如说我需要阅读5篇文章,现在我读完3篇文章了。这种情况就属于部分完成。所以,以后我们在说到完成时态时,也要考虑到事情可能没有做完,只是完成了一部分这种情况。换言之,完成时就是截止到某个时间,汇报一下事情完成的状况,可以是全部完成,也可以是部分完成。现在完成时是指截止到现在,汇报事情完成的状况;过去完成时是指截止到过去某点,汇报事情完成的状况;将来完成时是指截止到将来某点,汇报事情完成的状况。下面就以现在完成时为例来讲解一下完成时的用法。
现在完成时,时间截点为现在,即看待问题的角度是站在现在往前看完成的状况,动作发生在现在的之前,可能做完了,也可能没有做完。在说话者心目中,动作所产生的影响或后果,所造成的状态,在截止时间的当时或稍后依然存在,或仍有联系。这也是说话者关心的焦点。包括以下三种情况:
1.一个发生在时间截止点之前的动作,或者是在时间截止点之前已完成的动作; Jane has gone to London. 珍妮已去伦敦。(表示现在之前已完成的动作)
2.一个在时间截止点之前重复的动作;We have had four tests so far this semester. 这学期,我们到现在为止已经考过四次了。(表示现在以前重复发生的行为)
3.一个一直进行到时间截止点的动作;I have known him for more than ten years. 我认识他已经十多年了。(表示现在以前一直进行的行为)
在现在完成时中,动作是否在时间截止点之后仍要进行不是我们关心的焦点。如果要表示动作在时间截止点之后仍要进行需用完成进行时。如:He has waited for 3 hours.表示可能继续等下去,也可能不再等了。而He has been waiting for 3 hours.强调没有完成,仍要继续等下去。
从上面的分析可以发现,现在完成时中,动作或行为发生在现在的以前,它们所产生的影响或后果,所造成的状态,到现在依然存在,或与现在仍有联系。现在完成时就像是一座桥梁把现在和过去连接起来。而一般过去时单纯陈述过去发生的事情。如They worked together as partners for ten years. 他们曾作为合伙人一块工作过十年。(两人现已不在一起工作)They have worked together as partners for ten years. 他们作为合伙人已经一起工作过十年了。(可能仍在合作,也可能刚刚结束合作)They have been working together as partners for ten years. 他们作为合伙人已经一起工作十年了。(还要继续合作)
【as引导的各类从句】
as主要有两种词性,分别为介词和连词。as作为介词时,用法和语义较单一,其含义为“作为”。但是as作为连词词性时,其用法和功能较多,可以引导各类从句,而对其所引导的从句类型的识别也就成为了as理解的难点。在此对as引导各类从句进行汇总,并对各类从句的特点给出具体总结。
一、as引导定语从句
as引导定语从句时,既可以引导限定性定语从句,又可以引导非限定性定语从句。区分as引导定语从句和其它从句的关键特征是:as引导定语从句时在从句中做成分,通常做主语或宾语。
1、as引导限定性定语从句。
如从句所修饰的名词前有such、the same、as出现,后面的定语从句将由as引导,形成such...as,the same...as,as…as这样的固定结构,译为“和……一样”。
例1:I never heard such stories as he told.
我从未听过他所讲的那样的故事。
例2:He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
他将重复书中讨论过的问题。
例3:They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
他们犯了和其他人在这种场合下会犯的同样错误。
2、as引导非限定性定语从句。
as引导非限定性定语从句,往往指代一整句话,通常表示“正如”的意思。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置相对比较灵活,可以位于先行词之前、之后或中间。
例:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth.
众所周知,月亮绕着地球转。
二、as引导时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句多用于口语,强调“同一时间”或“一先一后”,有时还有“随着”的含义。
例1:As I was going out, it began to rain.
当我出门时,开始下雨了。(as强调两个动作紧接着发生,不强调下雨的特定时间。)
例2:As time goes on, he will understand what I said.
随着时间的推移,他会理解我所讲的话。
三、as引导原因状语从句
as表示“因为”,与because相比,较口语化,所表达的原因语气较弱,所表的原因比较明显,或是已知的事实。
例1:As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
因为天气太糟糕,我们不得不推迟旅行。
例2:Any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum.
任何新型能源都将大受欢迎,因为石油已经出现短缺。
四、as引导方式状语从句
as表示“按照”,“以……方式”,“像……一样”,“正如”。
例:Do as the Romans do when in Rome. 入乡随俗
注:as在引导方式状语从句时,还常出现在一个固定的类比结构中:(just) as …, so…。这一句型表示类比,基本含义是“正如……,所以……”。
例:Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment.
善有善报,恶有恶报。
五、as引导让步状语从句
as可以表示“尽管”,“虽然”,引导让步状语从句,但必须构成倒装。让步状语从句倒装规则有两类:
1、 形容词/副词/分词/名词(无冠词)/介词短语等+as+主语+谓语动词,主句。
例1:Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.
我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你在一起生活。
例2:Child as he is, he knows to help others.
尽管他是个孩子,他懂得帮助别人。
2、动词原形+as+主语+助动词(may/might, will/would, can/could, do/does/did),主句。
例:Try as we may, we cannot sense directly the television signal sent out from the broadcast station.
尽管我们费了很大的劲,也无法直接觉察发射台发出的电视信号。
六、as引导比较状语从句
as引导比较状语从句,其基本结构是as…as。前一个as是副词,后一个as是比较状语从句的连词。否定结构为not so much … as …。
例1:Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
尽管蚂蚁很小,但是它同地球上的任何其他动物一样,也是一种动物。
例2:It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.
与其说是他受到了许多打击,还不如说是缺乏斗志使他输掉了比赛。
【语法一致原则】
语法一致原则是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致,即通常情况下,谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定, 主语为单数形式时谓语动词用单数形式, 主语为复数形式时谓语动词也用复数形式。具体内容请看下文。
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意:(1)若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4. either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
注意:(1)在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.
5. 在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police are looking for the lost child.
7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
注意:a number of“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the number of“……的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。
8. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
【逻辑意义一致原则】
逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须与主语的意义一致(因有时主语的形式是单数,但意义却为复数;有时主语形式为复数,而意义却为单数)。具体请看下文。
1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5. 算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn‘t easy to study.
7. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。
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