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新概念英语第2册语法知识点Lesson47
复习第36~45课部分语法
在第36~45课的语法中,我们学习了用 going to表示意图、打算或不久即将发生的事;学习了用将来完成时表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动作;学习了与过去完成时经常连用的连词no sooner…than,hardly… when以及 before;学习了间接疑问句、第2类条件句;学习了表示“必要”、“不必要”的情态助动词must,have(got)to和need;学习了 have+ 名词代替普通动词,can与 be able to的区别和过去完成时中的被动语态。注意以下句子:
Are you going to visit Old Delhi?
你打算去旧德里旅游吗?
I would if I could, but I can't afford it.
如果可能我会去的,但我花不起这笔钱。(第2类条件句)
Did you speak to the manager?
你和经理谈话了吗?
He didn't come, so I didn't have to speak to him after all.
他没来,所以我终究没有必要和他谈。( have to用于过去时表示必要)
I've called a taxi.
我叫了一辆出租车。
You needn't have done that! I'd already called one.
你其实用不着叫!我已叫了一辆了。(need表示必要)
He had no sooner returned than he bought a house.
他刚一回来便买下了一幢房子。(no sooner…than用于过去完成时)
By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium.
到明年年底,他们将把新体育场建成。(将来完成时,by引导的时间状语常与它连用)
He asked if/ whether Mr. Gilbert' s operation had been successful.
他问吉尔伯特先生的手术是否成功。(间接疑问句)
We had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi.
我们穿过旧德里的一个市场时走了很长一段路。(had a walk = walked)
The plane was then able to rise.
于是飞机可以上升了。(表示成功地完成过去某一动作时只能用 be able to,不用 could)
The wallet had been wrapped up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.
钱包是用报纸包着的,里面有他丢失的钱的一半。(过去完成时中的被动语态)
新概念英语第2册语法知识点Lesson48
复习第26~45课的部分语法
It is one of the ugliest faces(that) I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。(that在关系从句中作宾语,可省略)
There aren't many students who sing as well as she does.
在学生当中没几个人唱歌像她那么好。(who在关系从句中作主语,不可省略)
People are not so honest as they once were.
人们不再像以前那样诚实了。(not so/ as…as用于比较状语从句)
He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house.
他还没等安顿下来就卖掉了房子。(hardly…when用于过去完成时)
No sooner had I sat down than he came in.
我刚坐下他就进来了。(no sooner…than用于过去完成时;否定词位于句首时句子要倒装)
The box was so heavy that she couldn't lift it.
箱子太重了,她搬不起来。(so+形容词+that表示“如此……以至于”)
The thief got such a fright that he dropped the bag.
那个小偷吓得把提包都扔了。(such〈a〉+名词+that表示“如此……以至于”)
Billy is not at home at present. He's at school.
比利现在不在家,他在学校。(at+名词的用法)
新概念英语第2册语法知识点Lesson49
复合句的语序 (Word order in complex statements)
复合句的构成方法可以是把简单句连接在一起。但与并列句不同,它的各个组成部分并非同等重要,其中总有一个独立分句(或称“主句”)和一个或一个以上 从属分句(或称“从句”),主句往往可以独立存在。复合句可用两种方法构成。一是用连词把从句与主句连接起来;二是用分词结构或不定式,它们构成复合句的 一部分,因为它们可以用从句的形式表现出来。
(1)用连词连接的复合句
A 在复合句中,从句可以是名词从句(即起名词的作用)。在句子中,它可以作主语、宾语或be等系动词的表语,一般由that引导,有时也用what(疑问词引导的除外):
I know(that)the meeting will be put off.
我知道会议将要推迟。(宾语)
That the meeting will be put off is now certain.
会议将被推迟现已确定无疑。(主语,that不可省略)
B 也可以是关系(或形容词)从句,关系代词通常有who, whom, that, which和whose。(cf.第28课语法)
C 也可以是状语(或副词)从句。时间状语从句一般回答When?形式的问题,并可以用下列从属连词来引导:when, after, before, as soon as, until, while, as, since等:
He has been ill since he came back from his holidays.
他自从休假回来就一直病着。
地点状语从句回答Where?形式的问题,可以由where, everywhere, anywhere等连词来引导:
With a special train ticket, you can travel anywhere/ everywhere you like in Europe for just over £ 100.
你如持有专票,仅花一百多一点英镑,就可以到欧洲各地旅行。
方式状语从句回答How?形式的问题,可以由连词as或短语in the way(that)等引导。方式状语从句一般置于主句之后:
Type this again as/in the way(that) I showed you just now.
按我刚才告诉你的那样把这再打一遍。
方式状语从句在动词be, feel, seem, appear等后面也可以由连词as if和as though来引导:
It feels as if/ though it's going to rain.
这天气给人的感觉好像是就要下雨了。
原因状语从句一般回答Why?形式的问题,可以由because, as 等引导:
He went to bed earlier than usual because he was tired.
他因为累了,所以睡觉比平时早。
As you can't go yourself, you'll have to ask Susan go to for you.
既然你自己不能去,那你就请苏珊替你去吧。
条件状语从句可由if及其他连词引导。(cf.第16课与第40课语法)让步状语从句使句子具有对比的因素,它们一般由连词although, though, even though, even if等引导:
He failed the exam, even though he studied hard.
虽然他学习很努力,他考试还是没及格。
Although he studied hard, he failed the exam.
(译文同上)
目的状语从句可由so that, in order that等连词引导:
I arrived early so that/ in order that I could get the tickets.
我到得很早,以便能买到票。
结果状语从句描述结果,可由so+形容词+that引导,也可由such(a)+(形容词)+名词+that来引导:
She was so angry that she left immediately.
她非常生气,立刻就走了。
There was such a lot of rain that we couldn't go out.
下这么大的雨,我们都出不了门了。
比较状语从句结构包括as+形容词/副词+as, not so/as…as,形容词/副词的比较级+than, more…than, less…than 等:
He is as quick in answering as his sister(is).
他回答得和他妹妹/姐姐一样快。
He is not so/ as quick in answering as his sister(is).
他回答得不如他妹妹/姐姐那样快。
He moves more slowly than his sister(does).
他行动起来比他妹妹/姐姐慢。
(2)分词结构的复合句
A 用现在分词结构可以代替时间从句、原因从句、关系从句等:
I got very angry speaking to them.
和他们谈话时我变得非常生气。(时间)
Feeling tired, I went to bed earlier than usual.
我觉得很累,所以睡得比平时早。(原因)
The train arriving at 8 o'clock is from London.
8点钟到的这趟列车是从伦敦来的。(代替关系从句)
现在分词结构的这种用法仅限于两个动作的主语一致的时候。用它代替时间从句时,分词结构表示的动作如果发生在前,则分词结构要位于主语前;如果两个动作同时发生,那么分词结构既可以位于主句前,也可以位于主句后:
Finding the door unlocked, he went into the room.
他发现门没上锁,就走进房间。(有前后)
Working with them, I got very angry.
同他们一起工作时我很生气。(同时)
分词结构位于主句前面时,要用逗号隔开。
B 过去分词结构常用于比较正式的文体,往往代替被动语态:
Damaged in an accident, the car has now been repaired.
在一次事故中被撞坏后,那辆车现已修好。
(3)不定式结构的复合句
这种结构通常可以代替表示目的或表示条件的状语从句:
To get into university you have to pass a number of examinations.
要进入大学你必须通过一系列考试。
I borrowed some money to get a new car.
为了买辆新车,我借了些钱。
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