【#考研# 导语】成功根本没有秘诀可言,如果有的话,就有两个:第一个就是坚持到底,永不言弃;第二个就是当你想放弃的时候,回过头来看看第一个秘诀,坚持到底,永不言弃,祝大家跟着成功的步伐,努力备考,考入理想院校。以下是®文档大全网为大家整理的 《2019考研英语辅导模拟卷【1-5】》供您查阅。
【第一篇】
The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states,such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions,Roman theorists ignored,or rejected__3__ valueless,intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic,in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica,and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete,even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome,Romulus,was__9__ to have received authority from the gods,specifically from Jupiter,the“guarantor”of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__,the family heads who formed the original senate,__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority,because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive,the senators moved__15__to divide the authority,holding that their consuls,or chief officials,would possess it on__16__months,and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__,as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to
2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred
3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about
4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it
5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made
6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular
7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind
8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved
9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised
10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation
11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling
12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers
13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced
14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider
15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about
16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several
17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But
18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national
19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so
20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
答案
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
总体分析
本文介绍了罗马人有关国家建设的理论。第一句指出罗马人有关国家形成的理论很有特点。第二句至第五句指出,罗马人的理论与希腊人的大不相同,是非常具体的。第六句至文章结尾具体阐述了罗马人关于国家权力的所有和分配形式。
全文翻译
奥古斯都(罗马帝国第一代皇帝)的成功很大程度上归功于罗马人将国家理论化的特点。罗马人没有制定出让希腊人感兴趣的建设理想国家的宏伟蓝图。在柏拉图的《理想国》中不涉及具体个人或国家的一种个人与国家之间的关系被详细地设计出来,但罗马理论家们几乎无一例外地忽视或拒绝接受像《理想国》这样的智力训练,认为它们毫无价值。罗马人最接近希腊模式的是西塞罗的《论国家》,甚至在这本书中西塞罗的心中已经对罗马有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念,罗马人关于国家的想法也是具体的。罗马的第一位统治者罗穆卢斯被认为从神,尤其是从罗马的守护神宙斯那里获得了权力。所有宪法的发展都是一种赋予和监督这种权力的方法。很显然,人们相信只有先父们的立法机构,即一家之主们组成的最初的参议院,才拥有行使这种权力所必需的宗教特质,因为它最初的功能是寻求神的启示。既实际又排外的参议员们将权力再进一步分割,认为他们的司法官或总管官员,将每隔一个月拥有这项权力,并在之后将其拥有权扩大到更低等级的官员。但是重要的成就是创造了持续的国家权力的概念,这种权力只是临时体现在某些上层阶级的个人身上,并且只有当普通大众一致同意的时候才被赋予。当新的部门和立法机构被创造出来并且几乎没有任何一个被摈弃的时候,这个系统变得越来越复杂。
【第二篇】
Having passed what I considered the worst obstacle, our spirits rose. We 1 towards the left of the cliff, where the going was better, 2 rather steeper. Here we found little snow, 3 most of it seemed to have been 4 off the mountain. There was no 5 of the mountain in the distance because the clouds were forming all around us.
About 1 o’clock a storm 6 suddenly. We had time to have 7 its approach but we were concentrating on cutting steps, and 8 we had time to do anything, we were blinded by snow. We could not move up or down and had to wait 9 , getting colder and colder. 10 my hood(兜帽), my nose and cheeks were frostbitten and I dared not take a hand out of my glove to warm them.
After two hours of this, I realized we would have to do 11 to avoid being frozen to death where we stood. From time to time through the mist I had 12 the outline of a dark buttress(扶壁)just above us, to descend in the wind was 13 question; our only hope was to scramble up to this buttress, and dig out a platform at the foot of it on which we could 14 our tent.
We climbed to this place and started to 15 the ice. At first my companion seemed to regard the 16 as hopeless but gradually the wind 17 and he cheered up. 18 we had made a platform big enough to put up the tent, and we did this as 19 we could. We 20 into our sleeping bags and fell asleep, felling that we were lucky to be still alive.
1. A. setB. gotC. madeD. took
2. A evenB. thoughC. soD. if
3. A. when B. whereC. asD. so that
4. A. fallenB. flownC. splitD. blown
5. A. viewB. visionC. lookD. glimpse
6. A. came upB. came outC. came overD. came on
7. A. viewedB. noticedC. notifiedD. glanced
8. A. afterB. beforeC. unlessD. until
9. A. motionlesslyB. constantlyC. steadilyD. continually
10. A. In spite ofB. In relation toC. In case ofD. In the event of
11. A. anythingB. nothingC. somethingD. everything
12. A. laid outB. made outC. drawn outD. marked out
13. A. withoutB. inC. beyondD. out of date
14. A. wrenchB. wedgeC. padD. pinch
15. A. cut downB. cut away C. cut outD. cut off
16. A. positionB. situationC. occupationD. orientation
17. A. died outB. died offC. died backD. died down
18. A. Instead ofB. FurthermoreC. IndeedD. At last
19. A. wellB. goodC. bestD. better
20. A. climbedB. crashedC. creptD. crawled
参考答案及解析:
1. 【答案】C. made
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配. make towards(=make for, go forwards, move in the direction of …) 朝….走去。
2. 【答案】B. though
【解析】本题测试逻辑搭配.though 表示让步意义,引导让步状语从句。因为从句主语和主句主语相同,从句谓语又包含be,所以从句中的主语和助动词可以省略。例如:1) The girl, though plain, had a good kind face. 2) I went on talking , though continually interrupted by John.
3. 【答案】C. as
【解析】本题测试逻辑搭配.从上下文意思看,本句中从句与主句的联系是因果关系,故选 as,表示原因,其他词均不切题。
4. 【答案】D. blown
【解析】本题测试词义搭配.fallen 和flown均为不及物动词,不能用于被动语态。blow vt.吹,正合题意。
本句译文:这里我们没有发现什么雪,因为大部分雪似乎已从山上刮走了。
5. 【答案】A. view
【解析】本题测试词义搭配. 此处view 意为“看见的东西,景色”,例如:Your house has a fine view of the hills. (从你的房子能看到这些小山的美丽景色。)本句译文:看不到远处的山,因为我们四周的云层正在形成。
6. 【答案】A. came up
【解析】本题测试词义型惯用搭配.come up (=happen)发生,形成:A snowstorm is coming up. (一场暴风雪正在酝酿之中。)本句中有suddenly, 故用came up 比came on 更妥。
7. 【答案】B. noticed
【解析】本题测试词义搭配. notify vt.(=inform sb. of sth. ; report sth. to sb.) 通知,报告。glance(at) (=take a quick look at) 看一眼(强调行为的过程)。因此,notify和glance均不符合题意。notice vt. ( =become aware of; observe)注意到;留心;看到(强调行为的结果);view vt.(=look at or watch carefully)仔细察看,注视(强调行为的过程)。可见,此句中应选,noticed.
8. 【答案】B. before
【解析】本题测试逻辑搭配.
本句译文:我们本来应该注意到风暴的来临,但是那时我们正在集中精力开路。我们还来不及采取任何措施,就已被白雪照的眼花缭乱。
9. 【答案】A. motionlessly
【解析】本题测试词义搭配.前半句提到“不能上下走动”,所以“不得不一动不动的等待”。根据这种逻辑意思,只能选motionlessly.
10. 【答案】A. In spite of
【解析】本题测试逻辑搭配. in spite of 尽管:In spite of the heavy rain, she went to the shop. in relation to 关于,至于。in case of 万一。in the event of 万一发生。
11. 【答案】C. something
【解析】本题测试词义型逻辑搭配.“do something +动词不定式”常译为“采取措施以便能做….”。在否定句中可以用 not ….anything 或nothing.例如:I can do nothing to get rid of the embarrassing situation. (我实在无能为力摆脱困境)。
本句译文:这种情况持续两个小时以后,我意识到我们必须想点办法以免冻死在这里。
从句意看,只能选something.
12. 【答案】B. made out
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配.make out(=see and identify with effort or difficulty)辨认出。
13. 【答案】D. out of the
【解析】本题测试词义搭配. out of the question(=impossible) 不可能的。without question 毫无疑问,beyond question 毋庸置疑;in question 有疑问(做表语)所谈到的(做后置定语)。
14. 【答案】D. pinch
【解析】本题测试词义搭配. wrench vt. 拧,扭;扳紧;歪曲(事实);wedge oneself into a crowd 挤在人群中;pad vt. 填塞:pad sth. with cotton 填棉花。pinch vt. 搭,捏。pinch(=put up) a tent 搭帐篷。
15. 【答案】B. cut away
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配。cut away 砍掉;cut off 打断,中断;cut down 消减;cut out 删掉
16. 【答案】B. situation
【解析】本题测试词义搭配. position(具体的)工作,职位;situation 工作,形势,状况;occupation 职业,工作;orientation 方向,方位;熟悉,适应。根据题意应选 B. situation.
17. 【答案】D. died down
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配. die out vt. 消失,灭绝;die off vi. 相继死去;die back vi.(植物)枯死;die down vi. (=disappear or subside gradually) 逐渐消失;止息:1) The wind often dies down at sunset.(风往往在日落时停息。) 风的“停息”一般用die down 或die away,而火的“平息”常用die down 或die out.参阅 A Dictionary of English Phrasal Verbs(上海译文出版社)。
18. 【答案】D. At last
【解析】本题测试逻辑搭配.at last 终于,最终;符合上下文的逻辑关系。
19. 【答案】C. best
【解析】本题测试词义搭配. as best one can/could 尽量好的:1) Do it as best you. 2) We comforted her as best as we could. 3) I’ll answer his two questions as best I can.
20. 【答案】D. crawled
【解析】本题测试词义搭配. crawled (=move slowly, pulling the body along the ground) 匍匐而行。climb (=go up or over[sth.], esp. using one’s hands and feet) 攀爬,攀登:climb a wall, a mountain, a tree, a rope, the stairs, a hill. 本题是“爬进睡袋”,故不能用climb. crash(=fall or strike suddenly, violently, noisily) 猛跌,猛撞:The bus crashed into a tree(公共汽车撞在树上撞坏了)crash也可以作“冲入,闯入”解:Five people were killed in the aircraft crash. (5人在这次飞机失事中丧生。) 可见,crash不能入选。leap vi.(向前)跃;creep vi. 慢慢的,悄悄地或偷偷地移动(尤其指弯着腰走)。综上所述,只有D. crawled 符合题意。
【第三篇】
The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country‘s speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’,__2__huge number of drivers. There could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.The warnings came__4__a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.
Nationwide,the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble,__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme,police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.
But motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to__14__the“threshold”speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit,and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road,and __16__to more accidents. Sue Nicholson,head of campaigns at the RAC,said,“We don‘t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. But we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. Police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”
1. [A] promotions [B] punishments [C] penalties [D] payments
2. [A] isolating [B] separating [C] alienating [D] detaching
3. [A] towards [B] against [C] before [D] over
4. [A] so [B] once [C] as [D] where
5. [A] subjected [B] engaged [C] intended [D] committed
6. [A] taking part [B] keeping silence [C] making exception [D] paying respect
7. [A] financing [B] profiting [C] funding [D] netting
8. [A] From [B] Under [C] On [D] With
9. [A] hide [B] cover [C] conceal [D] veil
10. [A] pledging [B] assuring [C] confirming [D] ensuring
11. [A] essentially [B] strongly [C] wholeheartedly [D] purely
12. [A] in all [B] fewer than [C] at most [D] up to
13. [A] but [B] whereas [C] though [D] while
14. [A] fit [B] put [C] set [D] fix
15. [A] levered [B] geared [C] handled [D] triggered
16. [A] lead [B] add [C] contribute [D] resort
17. [A] any less [B] by itself [C] after all [D] as such
18. [A] who [B] when [C] where [D] which
19. [A] in [B] with [C] against [D] for
20. [A] in spite of [B] far from [C] rather than [D] by means of
答案
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. B 9.B 10. D
11. D 12.D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. C 19.B 20.C
总体分析
本文讲述了英国车速监控摄像体系扩张计划的内容及影响,着重阐述了这一计划的支持者(警察和财政部门)和反对者(机动车管理机构)的观点。
全文翻译
一旦扩大车速监控摄像体系,这个国家财政部每年就能从罚款中额外增加2000万收入。机动车管理机构警告说这种罚款可能变成对汽车征收的人头税,从而疏远很多驾驶者。也可能出现更多破坏摄像机的事件。警告出现的同时,《每日邮报》的调查发现英格兰和威尔士的23支警力几乎都有所行动,不是致力于部署监控体系的扩张计划,就是在考虑加入其中。
预计(在实施监控系统后)全国范围内违章超速行驶的罚单数量会增加两倍,罚金数目一年达9000万。按照计划,警察保留一部分罚金用以支付安装和维修新摄像机的费用,并且保证现有的摄像机中总是装有胶卷。其余的罚金将上缴财政部。财政部长们和警察都坚持认为该计划的目的是提高公路的安全性。他们指出八个试点地区撞车事故减少了四分之一,严重伤亡事故减少至一半。
但是机动车管理机构担心警察为了多开罚单会把摄像机装在相对安全但行车速度较快的直行道上,还会为车速监控摄像机设置最低合法车速标准,如把正常的每小时10英里限速提高到每小时15英里,每小时20英里限速提高到每小时26英里。这样做会使司机盯着自己的里程计而不把精力集中到路面上,从而引发更多的交通事故。英国皇家汽车俱乐部(RAC)活动负责人休。尼科尔森说,“严格上说,我们对车速监控摄像机并无意见,我们担忧的是它们被安放的地点。如果把监控摄像机视为(政府)聚敛财政收入的手段而不是安全设施,那么警察就可能丧失他们在驾驶者心目中的威信”
【第四篇】
The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country‘s speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’,__2__huge number of drivers. There could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.The warnings came__4__a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.
Nationwide,the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble,__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme,police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.
But motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to__14__the“threshold”speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit,and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road,and __16__to more accidents. Sue Nicholson,head of campaigns at the RAC,said,“We don‘t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. But we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. Police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”
1. [A] promotions [B] punishments [C] penalties [D] payments
2. [A] isolating [B] separating [C] alienating [D] detaching
3. [A] towards [B] against [C] before [D] over
4. [A] so [B] once [C] as [D] where
5. [A] subjected [B] engaged [C] intended [D] committed
6. [A] taking part [B] keeping silence [C] making exception [D] paying respect
7. [A] financing [B] profiting [C] funding [D] netting
8. [A] From [B] Under [C] On [D] With
9. [A] hide [B] cover [C] conceal [D] veil
10. [A] pledging [B] assuring [C] confirming [D] ensuring
11. [A] essentially [B] strongly [C] wholeheartedly [D] purely
12. [A] in all [B] fewer than [C] at most [D] up to
13. [A] but [B] whereas [C] though [D] while
14. [A] fit [B] put [C] set [D] fix
15. [A] levered [B] geared [C] handled [D] triggered
16. [A] lead [B] add [C] contribute [D] resort
17. [A] any less [B] by itself [C] after all [D] as such
18. [A] who [B] when [C] where [D] which
19. [A] in [B] with [C] against [D] for
20. [A] in spite of [B] far from [C] rather than [D] by means of
答案
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. B 9.B 10. D
11. D 12.D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. C 19.B 20.C
总体分析
本文讲述了英国车速监控摄像体系扩张计划的内容及影响,着重阐述了这一计划的支持者(警察和财政部门)和反对者(机动车管理机构)的观点。
全文翻译
一旦扩大车速监控摄像体系,这个国家财政部每年就能从罚款中额外增加2000万收入。机动车管理机构警告说这种罚款可能变成对汽车征收的人头税,从而疏远很多驾驶者。也可能出现更多破坏摄像机的事件。警告出现的同时,《每日邮报》的调查发现英格兰和威尔士的23支警力几乎都有所行动,不是致力于部署监控体系的扩张计划,就是在考虑加入其中。
预计(在实施监控系统后)全国范围内违章超速行驶的罚单数量会增加两倍,罚金数目一年达9000万。按照计划,警察保留一部分罚金用以支付安装和维修新摄像机的费用,并且保证现有的摄像机中总是装有胶卷。其余的罚金将上缴财政部。财政部长们和警察都坚持认为该计划的目的是提高公路的安全性。他们指出八个试点地区撞车事故减少了四分之一,严重伤亡事故减少至一半。
但是机动车管理机构担心警察为了多开罚单会把摄像机装在相对安全但行车速度较快的直行道上,还会为车速监控摄像机设置最低合法车速标准,如把正常的每小时10英里限速提高到每小时15英里,每小时20英里限速提高到每小时26英里。这样做会使司机盯着自己的里程计而不把精力集中到路面上,从而引发更多的交通事故。英国皇家汽车俱乐部(RAC)活动负责人休。尼科尔森说,“严格上说,我们对车速监控摄像机并无意见,我们担忧的是它们被安放的地点。如果把监控摄像机视为(政府)聚敛财政收入的手段而不是安全设施,那么警察就可能丧失他们在驾驶者心目中的威信”
【第五篇】
Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD(Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development)countries,in particular,how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution,but__2__retirement could help.
Early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal,but it is a socially__3__one,and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the__5__of those in work for their income. The__6__is worrying. In the next 50 years,low fertility rates and__7__life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double__8__size. Public pension payments,which afford 30-80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries,are__9__to rise,on average,by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__10__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today‘s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__11__for.
Action is needed,__12__simply aiming to reduce the__13__(and cost)of public pensions,or trying to__14__the role of privately funded pensions within the system,though necessary steps,may be__15__to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of__16__early retirement schemes to avoid__17__and higher unemployment,many governments are now looking__18__persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely,the thinking goes,if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down,then perhaps the__20__rate should rise anew.
1.[A] unsolvable [B] additional [C] unsustainable [D] undue
2.[A] delaying [B] retaining [C] detaining [D] hindering
3.[A] ultimate [B] unattainable [C] specific [D] expensive
4.[A] substantial [B] essential [C] potential [D] controversial
5.[A] donating [B] sponsoring [C] subsidizing [D] funding
6.[A] outlook [B] outcome [C] outbreak [D] outset
7.[A] prolonging [B] expanding [C] soaring [D] rising
8.[A] in [B] on [C] by [D] for
9.[A] conceived [B] reckoned [C] expected [D] meant
10.[A] As [B] Such [C] So [D] It
11.[A] should pay [B] paying [C] be paid [D] would pay
12.[A] but [B] for [C] and [D] thus
13.[A] multitude [B] implementation [C] application [D] generosity
14.[A] exaggerate [B] augment [C] magnify [D] multiply
15.[A] insufficient [B] influential [C] inefficient [D] intrinsic
16.[A] advancing [B] previous [C] ahead [D] preceding
17.[A] suspensions [B] abundances [C] redundancies [D] discrepancies
18.[A] for [B] to [C] about [D] at
19.[A] turbulent [B] strenuous [C] compact [D] intricate
20.[A] dependency [B] fertility [C] present [D] mortality
答案
1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.B
11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.C
总体分析
本文主要讨论了老龄化给经合组织国家现存养老体系带来的挑战。文章第一段指出老龄化给经合组织国家带来的挑战,并提出推迟退休可能对解决该问题有所帮助。第二段分析了早退休给养老体系带来的问题,即越来越多的人早退休而寿命延长,随着出生率的降低,就会有更多退休的人依靠更少工作的人来为他们养老,养老金在国家财政中所占的比例增加,成为无法承受的负担。第三段探讨了解决方法,指出仅仅减少公共养老金的数量,增加私有养老的比例是不够的,许多政府在考虑说服人们晚退休。
全文翻译
老龄化给经合组织国家,尤其是在如何支付未来的公共养老金负债方面,带来了严重的挑战。早退休给退休金的融资带来了难以承受的负担。没有什么简单的解决方案,但推迟退休(年龄)可能有所帮助。
早退休可能看起来是个值得追求的个人目标,但对于社会来说却是昂贵的,它使当前的公共养老金系统难以持久。基本原因是更多的人退休早而寿命却更长。这意味着更多的退休人员要依赖在职者的资助作为收入。这一前景是令人担忧的。未来50年,经合组织国家的低出生率和预期寿命的增加将使这一老年依赖率提高大约一倍。占经合组织国家全部退休收入30%-80%的公共退休金的支出,在国内生产总值中的比例预期将平均增加超过三个百分点,而在有些国家甚至会增加八个百分点。养老基金的压力如此之大以至于现在的工人有得不到他们预期或认为应该得到的养老金的危险。
行动是必需的,但仅仅试图减少公共养老金的慷慨度或增加系统内私有养老金的作用,尽管是必要的,但在应对这种依赖挑战方面仍是不够的。前些年为了避免下岗及高失业,政府采取提前早退休的方案,而现在许多政府正考虑劝说人们晚点退休。当然,他们是这么想的,如果现在我们更加健康了、工作对体力的要求降低了、失业率也降低了,那么(工作)出席率可能也该重新上升了。
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