2018年10月自考英语二真题:2018年10月自考英语（二）阅读强化辅导【25-28】

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【篇一】

The Teacher's Last Shocking Lesson

　　A remarkable woman reasons with her killer - and tapes it.

　　She used the miniature tape recorder for a graduate-school course she was taking. The device, though, would do much more than capture a lecture. It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein's shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion.

　　Weinstein, 45, was on her way to an exam at Toms River high School South on March 14 when she got out of her gold 1995 Toyota Camry to buy a sandwich at the busy Toms river Shopping Center. That's where her path crossed that of Michael LaSane, who, police say, wanted just such a car to celebrate his 17th birthday. Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw, the attacker told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry. The car was then driven to Manitou Park, about two miles from the shopping center. It was there, police believe, that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. According to Ocean County prosecutor Daniel Carluccio, the taped conversation tetween Weinstein and LaSane took place as they removed personal items - bags, notebooks, her six-year-old son's belongings, from the car. "It wasn't hysterical," Carluccio says of the 24-minute tape. "It wasn't the kind of thing you 　　would expect of someone who is facing a life-threatening situation. Mrs. Weinstein bravely and persistently used every skill and power she had to convince her attacker to simply take her car and not her life."

　　The excerpts of the talk released by the prosecutor show why Weinstein was a beloved figure at Thorne Middle School in Middletown, where she was a special-education teacher. "You haven't done anything yet," she tells her attacker. "All you have to do is let me go and take my car. For my life, don't you think I should be concerned and let you take my car? For my life! Do you really want to have that on your head?" At another point, the teacher tries to get him to open up.

　　"Why don't you just tell me? Of course, it's important. It's determining you whole life and the direction you're taking." Weinstein also talks about her son Daniel and her plans to take in a foster child with her husband Paul. "I want to give something to somebody, to give something back," she says.

　　Her powers of persuasion were to no avail. Weinstein's body, with hands and feet bound, was discovered by a hiker on March 17. She had been smothered with her coat. But before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing it.

　　Because Weinstein had asked LaSane about himself and his family, police quickly had their suspect, the son of a local official. "Our impression was that she was very aware she was leaving something behind," says Carluccio. He will not comment on LaSanbe's side of the conversation except to say, "When you hear the tape, it will raise profound questions about what is happening in our world with juveniles and our society. It goes beyond materialism."

　　Weinstein also helped leave behind a new program at Thorne Middle School in which students were encouraged to do nice things for others.

　　Every morning Weinstein would announce various good deeds over the p.a. system and she solicited prizes form local merchants and restaurants. Given her fate, the name of the program has a heartbreaking resonance to it: Random Acts of Kindness.

　　女教师撼人心魄的最后一课

　　一位非凡的女人劝说杀害她的凶手--并作了录音

　　她使用一个微型录音机来录她正在听的一门研究生院的课。然而这个装置起的作用要比录下一堂的讲座大得多。正是这个在凯瑟琳·温斯坦衬衣口袋里找到录音带使得警方断定*凶手，并且显示了这位新译西州教师作为　　　　一个女性的非凡勇气和不同寻常的同情心。

　　45岁的温斯坦在3月14日去南汤姆斯河中学考试的路-+******上，她走出她那辆1995年丰田公司产的喀麦丽牌小汽车到繁华的汤姆斯河售货中心买三明治。在那里，她遇到了迈克尔·拉森，警察说，拉森正想要一部那样的车庆祝他的17 岁生日。攻击者托住她的下巴，并且告诉她他有枪，*她进入车里。然后车子开到了曼尼托公园，距离那个售货中心大约两英里。警方认为，正是在那里，温斯坦才能够打开她包里的录音机。据海洋县的检查官丹尼尔·卡鲁齐奥说，所录的温斯坦和拉森的谈话开始于他们扔下车上的个人物品时--包、笔记本，以及她六岁儿子的东西。卡鲁齐奥谈到24分钟长的录音带时说："它并不歇斯底里，那完全不是你所料到的一个面对生命威胁的情景的样子，温斯坦太太运用各种她所具有的技巧、勇敢，顽强地劝说袭击者只取走她的车而不伤她的性命。"

　　检查官发表的那部分谈话的节录表明为什么温斯坦在米道镇桑恩中学是一位受人爱戴的人。她是个特殊教育老师。她告诉袭击者说："你什么都还没有做，你现在要做的就是开走我的车而让我走。难道你认为我会关心是否让你开走我的车吗?为了我的性命，你真的想背负上*犯的罪名吗?"而同时，这位教师又试图让他的话多起来;"你为什么不告诉我一些事?当然这很重要，它决定着你整个一生和你正在选择的人生方向。"温斯坦还谈到了她的儿子丹尼尔以及她丈夫保罗计划收养一个孩子的事。她说："我想给予别人一些东西，为的就是会有好报。"

　　她的说服力没有起到作用。3月17日，一位施行者发现了她捆着手脚的尸体。她被人用她的外套窒息而死。但在临死前，不知用什么方法，她把微型卡式录音带偷偷放进口袋，而凶手并不知道。因为温斯坦曾问过有关拉森自己及其家庭的情况，警方很快就撒谎到了嫌疑人，他是个地方官员的儿子。"我们的印象是她很清楚她正遗留下什么东西，"卡鲁齐奥不愿评论录音中拉森的话，只是说，" 你听到录音时，你会发现它提出了正在发生的有关青少年和社会的深刻问题。这不仅是物质至上的问题。"

　　温斯坦还帮助桑恩中学开展一个新的活动，就是鼓励学生为他人做好事。每天早上，温斯坦都通过校内广播系统宣布一些好人好事。她还恳求当地的商人和饭店出资给予奖励。想想她的命运，这项活动的名称"随时随地做好事"听起来令人心碎。

【篇二】

The Seeds of Wrath

　　The world knows a great deal about apartheid. It knows it as a repressive political system which denies political representation to 14,000,000 South Africans because they are not white; it knows it as a divisive social system which keeps people apart, dividing them on colour lines and punishing those who try to cross these lines. But the effects of apartheid in term of social behaviour and on cultural development are less well known.

　　To understand the effects of apartheid it is necessary to think of the daily lives of the people and the ways in which their lives are regulated by apartheid.

　　It means standing for hours in a bus-queue, because there are too few buses specially set asid for black people; it means having to pass theatres and swimming pools with no thought of ever entering them, because they are set aside for white people; and because the restrictions extend to the thoughts people think, and because the laws apply to both black and white, it means that all people in South Africa are denied the right to read certain books because the government believes them to be subversive of its apartheid society.

　　Apartheid means that sporsmen like Basil D'Oliviera, Steve Makone, and Precious Mackenzie could never represent their own country because they were not white; that singers and actors like Miriam Makeba and Lionel Ngamane would be restricted because of their colour to appearing in certain places and before certain audiences - a coloured cast could perfor Verdi's "La Traviata" but no nonwhites could attend a performance before the State President.

　　The list of restrictions is endless - these are only a few small examples. But what they add up to is a division which breeds hostility. At sports events, if white and black are present, they support opposing sides and the result is friction - so much so that in many grounds only whites are allowed.

　　It is illegal for white and black to play chess together. And whites who tried to play football in a team with black members were prosecuted.

　　And in a society where these ugly barriers exist, it is better to pretend that they are not there. The result is that the writers and poets of white South Africa are incapable of producing any work which truthfully reflects their society; and so deep has this kind of blindness entered that no work of any real worth has been produced in South Africa for many years.

　　Perhaps one might expect the writers among the blacks, in a situation full of tension and pain, to produce works which live. But for them apartheid presents another problem; to be frank is to be banned. And so writers like Alex la Guma were silenced by banning orders, or others, like Alfred Hutchinson and Bloke Modisane fled the country. For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign - to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York.

　　Even white writers - Andre Brink, for instance - who have dared to criticise, or appear to criticise, the apartheid society have suffered. Their works have been banned, or they have been savagely attacked by the official spokesmen of apartheid.

　　The failure of writers to write, or of people to understand each other - all these are indications of the deeper evil; the failure of communication. But what is little understood by the outside world is that this is a failure legislated for. It is a failure which has been carefully designed.

　　It is the intention of those who have constructed the apartheid society, and who intend that it should last forever, that those who make up the society should be prevented from communicating with each other. Black and white must be cut off from each other, must be unable to communicate. It is on this division that apartheid rests. This is the true meaning of apartheid. And it is this that inflicts the true terrible wound on South African society.

　　But the real damage is in daily human relations. I have seen white children standing in one of the mixed buses rather than sit beside anyone who was not white and this seems to me so complete a rejection of another human person that it goes much further than the division and separation backed by law. From this kind of rejection comes a complete lack of any feeling of common humanity; the suffering of human being ceases to be real because he has ceased to be a real human being.

　　This is the situation which has been created in South Africa today. The tensions are real, the threat of a violent eruption constant. And this must not be thought of simply as the product of political factors or arguments. It is a simple truth that human relations between people have deteriorated so far that dialogue, understanding, friendship - all these are impossible.

　　This is the effect of apartheid in terms of the society - this is its all pervasive extent: it breeds, if it breeds anything, hostility: often the result is simply the bitter sterility which will bring about violence.

　　愤怒的种子

　　世人对种族隔离了解甚多。知道它是一种*性政治制度，在这种制度下，1，400万南非人因为不是白人而被否认为政治代表;人们还知道它是一种使人们隔开的政治制度，它按肤色的界限把人们分开，并惩罚那些试图　　　　越过那些界限的人。但人们对种族隔离就社会行为而言造成的影响所知甚少。

　　要理解种族隔离的影响，有必要思考一下人们的日常工作以及他们在种族隔离制度制约下的生活方式。

　　这意味着站几个小时等车，因为黑人乘坐的汽车太少了;意味着在不得不经过剧场和游泳池时，却从没想到要进去，因为它们是给白人准备的;因为这些限制已经延伸到人们思维之中，因为法律适用于白人和黑人，它意味着所有南非人没有阅读某些书的权利，因为政府认为他们会对种族隔离政策起破坏作用。

　　种族隔离意味着因为不是白人，像贝兹尔·戴里维尔拉、史蒂夫·马孔和普莱舍斯·麦肯齐这样的运动员根本不能代表自己的祖国参加比赛。因为肤色只能出现在一定场合和一定观众面前，像米亚姆·马齐巴和莱昂纳尔·恩卡纳这样的歌唱家和演员的演出就会爱到限制。一个有色人剧组可以上演威尔第的《茶花女》，但只要不是白人，就不能先于国家总统观看演出。

　　这种限制不胜枚举--这里只是几个小小的例子。但它们合起来就是一个产生敌意的隔离。在体育赛事中，如果白人和黑人都在场，他们会支持各自一方，结果就会发生磨擦--这种磨擦如此之在以至于有些场地只允许白人进入。

　　白人和黑人一块下棋是非法的，试图在有黑人的球员的球队踢足球的白人会受到指控。

　　在这些丑陋的障碍存在的社会里，是佯装不知它的存在。这样做的结果是南非白人作家和诗人不能创作出真实反映其社会生活的作品，这种视而不见对人们生活的影响如此之大以至于多年来南非就根本没有过真正有价值的作品。 或许有些人期盼处于紧张和痛苦之中的黑人作家们会创作出反映其真实生活的作品，但对他们而言，种族隔离带来另一个问题：坦率是被严禁的。所以像亚历克斯·拉顾玛这样一些作家都因禁令而保持缄默。或者像其他作家如阿尔弗雷德·哈奇逊和布娄可·莫狄森逃往国外。证明更为过分的是纳特·纳卡萨，他*发誓离开他的祖国，永不回来，结果在纽约*了。

　　即使像安德烈·布林可这样的白人作家们，他们敢于批评或者似乎要去批评隔离社会也遭到了不幸。他们的作品被禁止，他们受到了种族隔离官方发言人的猛烈攻击。

　　作家不能写作，人民不能相互理解--所有这些都是很深的罪恶迹象，是不能交流的迹象，但外部世界几乎不能理解的是这是有预谋的失败。

　　这是那些建立种族隔离社会的人们的意图，是那些企图让种族隔离永久存在，并且阻止组成这个社会的人们之间的相互交流的人们的意图，也正是南非社会所遭受的真正可怕的创伤。

　　但真正的破坏是在日常的人际关系上。我见到过一辆黑人白人混合乘坐的公共汽车上，白人小孩情愿站着也不愿坐在任何一个有色人旁边。我个人认为如此彻底与另一个种族的人对立起来，似乎比法律意义上的分离或隔离更甚一筹。这种对立带来的是一种共同人性的感情匮乏。人类的苦难不再是真的，因为他已不再是真正意义上的人。

　　这就是现今的南非造成的情况。紧张是真的，暴力的威胁经常不断。这不能简单地认为是政治因素或政治争论的产物。一个简单地事实是人们的关系已经十分恶化，以至于对话、理解、友谊--所有的这些都不可能了。

　　这种种族隔离在社会方面的影响--这种影响的触角无所不在。如果说它还能繁衍什么，那就是仇视，其结果不过是痛苦的思想贫乏，而这往往又会带来暴力。

【篇三】

The Computer and The Poet

　　The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, more content, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more proportionate, more alive. The computer makes possible a marvellous leap in human proficiency; it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.

　　But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are, to identify their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it now is.

　　Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research. But they can't eliminate the foolish ness and decay that come form the unexamined life. Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race; and the rights of the next generation.

　　The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. Easy and convenient access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead.

　　Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind, Whitehead said, to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced.

　　To the extent, then, that man fails to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision, the computer could prove a digression. It could obscure man's awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones.

　　It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. "If we begin with certainties," Bacon said, "we shall end in doubts but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties."

　　The computer knows how to conquer error, but before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory, we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better approaches for dealing with it. "Give me a good fruitful error, full of seeds, bursting with its own corrections," Ferris Greenslet wrote, "You can keep your sterile truth for yourself."

　　The biggest single need in computer technology is not for increased speed, or enlarged capacity, or prolonged memory, or reduced size, but for better questions and better use of the answers. Without taking anything away from the technicians, we think it might be fruitful to effect some sort of junction between the computer technologist wonders of the creative imagination on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology. The company of poets may enable the men who tend the machines to see a wider range of possibilities than technology alone may inspire.

　　A poet, said Aristotle, has the advantage of expressing the universal; the specialist expresses only the particular. The poet, moreover, can remind us that man's greatest energy comes not from his dynamos but from his dreams. But the quality of man's dreams can only be a reflection of his subconscious. What he puts into his subconscious, therefore, is quite literally the most important nourishment in the world.

　　Nothing really happens to a man except as it is registered in the subconscious. This is where event and feeling become memory and where the proof of life is stored. The poet - and we use the term to include all those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit - can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sensitivity, thus safeguarding it. The poet, too, can help to keep man from making himself over in the image of his electronic wonders. For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.

　　The poet reminds men of their uniqueness. It is not necessary to possess the ultimate definition of this uniqueness. Even to speculate on it is gain.

　　计算机与诗人

　　在计算机时代，人类的基本问题依然是过去一直存在的问题。这个问题不仅仅是如何更多产、更舒适、更惬意，而是如何更敏感、更明智、更均衡、更有生机。计算机使人类能力上的巨大飞跃成为可能;它打破了*实践智能和理论智能的藩篱。但是计算机是使人类更容易还是更难以理解自己究竟是什么，是否有助于识别真正的问题，有助于对美作出更全面的反应，对生活作出更充分的评价?是否能使世界变得比现在更安全?这个问题一直存在而且越来越突出。

　　电脑能够减少许多生命研究中的死胡同。但它们不能消除因为生活未经反省产生的愚蠢和腐朽;它们也不能把一个人同之相关的事物--别人的痛苦现实、自我创造性发展的可能性、种族的印记以及下一代的权利联系起来。

　　这些事情在计算机时代之所以重要是因为可能有一种错把数据当智慧的趋势，就像一直存在的把逻辑与价值、智力，以及见解混为一谈的趋势一样。获取事实的便捷手段只有与弄清这些事实的意义与导向的愿望和能力一致时才能使人们受益无穷。

　　如果任其事实流传而不加检验，这样的事实是可怕的，因为它们极容易被认为是已获定评的事实，而不是迫切需要处理使之具有逻辑条理的原始材料中最原始的部分。怀特里德说，对事实进行分析需要非凡的头脑。计算机能够提供正确的数字，但如果不作判断，这个数字可能毫无意义。

　　因而，在人类不能区分电子智力的中间运算与人的决定的最终责任的情况下，计算机可能被证明是一种节外生枝。它可能模糊人类满足自身条件的意识。它可能使人产生错觉，当他实际上只是在问功能的问题时，却认为他在问基本的问题。它可能被认为是智力的替代物，而不是智力的延伸。它可能使人过分相信具体答案。培根说："如果我们肯定开始，就会以疑惑结束;如果我们以疑惑开始，并且耐心处之，我们就会以肯定结束。"

　　计算机懂得如何克服错误，但在我们得意忘形地为此欢呼之前，我们不妨思考一下人类的处境之所以出现巨大的进步是因为人类受到错误的挑战而且总是不停的思考、探索，直到找到的更好的处理方法。"给我一个内容丰富的错误，充满希望的种子，包含自我更正，"费里斯·格林里特道，"你可以把贫瘠的真理留给自己。"

　　对计算机技术的、的要求不是提高速度、扩大容量、延长记忆或减小体积，而是要提出更好的问题，更好地利用其答案。我们认为，在计算机技术专家和诗人之间衽某种结合可能会卓有成效，而且对技术人员不损秋毫。通过充分发挥由电子技术处理的问题的创造性想象的神奇力量，计算机起到真正的作用。与诗人为伍可能使使用计算机的人能看到比技术自身激发出的更大范围的可能性。

　　亚里士多德说，诗人的优势是表达共性，而专家表现的仅仅是某个特性。而且诗人能够提醒我们，人的能量并不来自精力，而是来自他的梦想。但是人的梦想的特征仅仅是他的下意识的反映。因而，他存在下意识的东西实质上是世界上的营养。

　　并没有什么事会真的发生在一个人的身上，除非这件事已在他的潜意识里烙下了印记。正是在潜意识里，事件和感情变成记忆，生活的证据储存于此。诗人--我们用这个词指所有新生人类精神，诉说人类精神的人--能够帮助为潜意识提供材料，增强其敏感度，从而保护它。诗人也能使人们不至于按照电子奇迹的形象改变自己，因为危险不在于人被计算机控制而在于人可能会模仿计算机的思维。

　　诗人提醒人们记住自己的独特性。没有必要弄清这种独特性的终极定义，但即是这种独特性进行思考也是一种收获。

【篇四】

What Is a Decision?

　　A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

　　Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at that the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.

　　For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. Fox managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.

　　Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.

　　For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an eigher/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.

　　At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

　　Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

　　These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.

　　Different managers define the same problem in different terms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.

　　The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

　　People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future

　　consequences of current decisions.

　　什么是决策?

　　决策是从可供挑选的行动方向中作选择。决策的目的是建立并实现一个机构的目的和目标。之所以要决策是因为有问题存在，目标或目的的不适当，或者有某种东西妨碍了目标或目的的实现。

　　因此，决策过程对于管理非常重要。一个管理者做的差不多所有事情都离不开决策。有人甚至提出管理就是决策。虽然管理者不能预见未来，但是他们要做的很多决策需要他们考虑将来可能发生的情况。管理者常常必须对未来的情况作出的猜测，使偶然性尽可能少地发生。但是因为总是在不确定的因素，所以决策往往伴随着风险。一个不当的决策的后果有时不严重而有时严重。

　　选择就是从多个选项中进行挑选的机会。没有选择就没有决策。决策本身就是一个选择的过程。很多决策有很宽的选择范围。例如，一个学生为了自己获得学位的志向，可以在许多不同的课程里作选择。对管理者来说，每一个决策都受着政策、程序、法律、先例等方面的制约。这些制约在一个机构的各个阶层都存在。选择项就是可供选择、可能的行动方向;没有选择项，就没有选择，也就没有了决策。如果看不到有不同的选择项，说明对问题还没有进行全面的研究。一些管理者有时用非此即彼的方式处理问题，这虽然是他们简化复杂问题的方法，但是习惯了简化常使他们看不到别的解决办法。在管理这个层次上，决策包括识别选择项和减少选择项两个步骤;其范围可以从极为有限的几个选择项到几乎无限多的选择项。

　　决策者必须有办法能从多种选择里确定一种为，也就是说哪个对实现机构目标帮助，机构的目标也就是此机构所寻求的事态的结果。如何实现目标，个人和组织都有不同的看法。因此，选择可能就取决于决策人了。通常一个组织内的单位或部门作出的决策可能有利于本部门、本单位，但对比它们大的机构来说就不是选择了。这就是所谓的局部优化：增加对一单位或部门的便利同时减少对另一个单位或部门的便利，这是在两利不能兼顾的情况下所做的取舍。例如，经理可以把增加广告预算的必要性讲得头头是道，但是从总的布局看，增加改进产品的科研费用也许对这个组织更有好处。

　　因为一个组织希望同时达到的目标很多，所以就要进行权衡，虽然有些目标比另一些重要，但重要程度和次序则常常因人而异，因部门而异。管理者不同对同一问题所做的解说也是不同的。把同样一种情况摆在他们面前，销售经理看的是销售问题，生产经理看的是生产问题，如此等等。

　　多个目标的排序和重要性在某种程度上是以决策者的价值观为依据的。这些价值观念是个性的，很难捉摸，甚至抱有这种观念的人自己也很难弄清楚;这是因为价值观不断变化，也很复杂。很多商业活动中，不同的人对于风险和收益的可接受程度的价值观不一样，这就导致了他们对决策正确与否的看法也不同。

　　人们常以为决策是一个孤立的现象，但从系统的观念看，问题的产生有多种原因，所以决策既有意料中的结果，又有意料外的结果。一个组织是一个发展的实体，所以今天所做的决策对未来可能产生意义深远的影响。因此一个老练的管理者常要考虑当前决策在将来产生的结果。

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