Unit 5 (2)动名词与分词
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Unit 5 （2） Gerund 动名词 Present Participl 现在分词 Past Participles 过去分词 Gerund •Syntactic functions of gerund •gerund vs. infinitive •Aspect, voice and negation of gerund Gerund as Subject 动名词做主语 •在句首作主语，谓语动词用单数。 •Seeing is believing. •Reading is like permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer. •Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat. 注意：当主语和表语都须采用非谓语动词形式时，主表的结构应一致，即都用动名词或都用不定式，不能混用。（但seem，prove, appear后通常只跟不定式） •Seeing is to believe. (x) •Climbing the mountain seems to be hopeless, for it’s raining hard. (√) 2. 用在由it做形式主语的一些结构中 Str.1 It is + adj. (nice, better, foolish, enjoyable, good, useless)+ gerund/ infinitive Str.2 It is no use/ no good/ some good/ a waste of time/+ (in) gerund •It’s no use crying over spilt milk. •It is a waste of time trying to make him change his mind. •Is it any good trying to explain? 3. There-be structures Str. 1 There is no point/use/ good + (in) doing sth. Str. 2 There is no doing sth. (=It’s impossible to do sth.; We can’t do sth.) •There is no use your arguing with him. •There’s no knowing the future. •There is no point in my going out to date someone. I might really like if I met him at the time. Gerund as Object 动名词做宾语 Ex. •I am looking forward to ____(hear) from you. •I have a hard time ___(get) used to ___(live) in a big place. •She couldn’t help___ (cry) when she saw her husband coming back home alive. 1 Ex. •I am looking forward to hearing from you. •I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place. •She couldn’t help crying when she saw her husband coming back home alive. 1. 作动词宾语 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(see textbook P241) admit/ advise/ anticipate/ appreciate/ avoid/ consider/ contemplate/delay/ deny/detest/discuss/ dislike/encourage/endure/enjoy/escape/excuse/ finish/fancy/favor/ finish/forbid/forgive/imagine/ involve/mention/mind/miss/overlook/permit/postpone/ practice/prohibit/resent/ resist/risk/suggest/ tolerate/understand Gerund as Object More examples: •Putting in a new window will involve cutting away part of the roof. • Being a bad-tempered man, he would not tolerate having his lectures interrupted. • She was so angry that she felt like throwing something at him. •They are considering buying the house before the prices go up. •Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 2. 做介词宾语 一些跟动名词做宾语的短语See textbook P242 feel like/give up/look forward to/object to be(get) used to/take to开始喜欢做/amount to 意味着 prefer doing to /get round to/devote…to doing keep from/hold back from/keep back from / in addition to/be averse to/ be opposed to/ get round to/be accustomed to do / doing/ be dedicated to the alternative/ approach/ solution to doing •I am used to sleeping with the lights on. •I am accustomed to sleeping with the lights on. •The students object to increasing their tuition. 3. 在特定句型中做宾语 Have difficulty trouble problem fun pleasure +(in) doing … a hard time a good time a bad time a difficult time 2 Examples: •We are having all kinds of trouble finding a new apartment for next year. •There are a lot of clocks in my room because I have trouble keeping track of time. •I had a hard time getting through this novel. 4. Other structures(1): •be worth doing … = be worthy of being done… = be worthy to be done… •be busy doing; be busy with sth. Examples: •The book is worth reading. •The book is worthy of being read. •The book is worthy to be read. Gerund as Object 4. Other structures(2): can’t help doing, can’t resist doing, can’t keep from doing, can’t hold back from doing, can’t keep back from doing •BUT: can’t help but do can’t but do can’t choose but do Gerund as predicative动名词做表语 Examples: •His hobby is collecting stamps. •Reading is permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer. Gerund as attributive 动名词做定语 •A sleeping car •A reading room •A swimming pool Gerund & Infinitive动名词与不定式的区别 •动名词做主语或宾语和动词不定式区别不大 •It’s impossible to get / getting there before dark. •Seeing is believing./ To see is to believe. •动名词常用来表达重复性、习惯性的动作; 动词不定式常表示一次性、具体的动作。 (see textbook p246-248) • I didn’t like to disturb you this morning. 3 • I don’t like reading books in bed. •To play with this dog will be dangerous. •Playing with dogs is dangerous. 2. 动名词和不定式的逻辑主语不同，动名词的主语常泛指人们，不定式的主语常和句子的主语一致。 •I hate smoking, so I’d like to sit in the non- smoking room. •I hate to smoke. •I scorn telling lies. •I scorn to tell a lie. 3. demand, deserve, need, require, want + doing/ to be done •The garden needs watering/ to be watered. •Your hair needs cutting / to be cut. 4. remember, forget, regret + doing （表示动作发生在这些动词前） + to do （表示动作发生在这些动词后） • I still remember being taken to BJ for the first time. • I don’t remember locking my suitcase. • Remember to do some shopping after work. •He’s got a habit of borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back. •He’s got a habit of borrowing money and forgetting paying it back. 5. stop, go on（加动名词作宾语，加不定式作目的状语） •I really must stop smoking. •Stop to have a rest. •The teacher went on explaining the text. •Finishing the new words, the teacher went on to attack the text. 6. try, mean, mind, chance（加动名词和加不定式时动词本身的含义不同） •I tried sending her flowers, but it didn’t have any effect. •I once tried to learn Japanese, but I failed. •Your plan would mean spending more money and time on the experiment. •I don’t mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking? •Do you mind my smoking here? •Mind to mail the letter on your way to school. •He chanced climbing the rock without any help. •He chanced to find his lost bike in front of the dorm building. 4 aspect & voice of gerund Vt. Vt. vi. Active Voice Passive voice Active Voice write write go Simple aspect writing Being written going Perfect aspect Having written Having written been Having gone passive voice & perfect aspect of gerund •He narrowly escaped ___. (run over) •The room needs ____(paint). • I have not the least objection to the child ___(punish). •I appreciate ___ (give) the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. •He prided himself on ___ (beat) in chess. •He denied___ (be there). Negation of gerund •My opinion is not co-operating with them. •He was nervous from having never spoken in public before. •I regretted not having worked harder before. Present Participles现在分词 & Past Parciples 过去分词 Syntactic functions of participles •Adverbial •Attributive •Subject complement •Object complement Participles as adverbials 分词做状语 •基本原则：分词的主语应与句子的主语一致； Looking out of the window, I saw her crossing the road. Used economically, the money can support you for the whole week. Correcting the following sentences: Asking what had happened several times, he then told us about it. Looking out of the window, there are lots of people in the street. 5 Being a pop fan, Celine Dion is her favorite. 当分词的主语与句子不一致时，应用独立主格结构。 •Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room. The dog barking furiously, I led it out of the room. •It being so nice a day, we go out for a walk. •Weather permitting, we’ll go fishing tomorrow. •All the money having been spent, we started looking for work. 一些固定的表达方式 •generally/strictly/frankly speaking •judging from •allowing for / allowing that •supposing that •considering that •seeing that •granting that/granted that •talking of 一些特殊的表达方式 •Generally speaking, men are stronger than women. •Allowing for her inexperience, she has done a good job. •Granting that he has made a mistake, he is not to blame, for he intended to help us. •Supposing there was a war, what would you do? Negation of participles •Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice. •Not having finished his homework, John went out. Participles as attributive 分词做定语 现在分词 vs. 过去分词 •现在分词表主动的、一般的或正进行的动作； •过去分词表被动的、一般的或已完成的动作。 a developing country; a developed country the exploiting class; the exploited class the boiling water; the boiled water •My two ____ (grow) children have both finished college. •____(grow) children need good nourishment. •The ____(fall) snow was frozen hard. •The ____(fall) snowflakes in the sky are beautiful. •I love the noise of ____(fall) rain. •More traffic will be able to pass on the ____(widen) road. 6 •My two grown children have both finished college. •Growing children need good nourishment. •The fallen snow was frozen hard. •The falling snowflakes in the sky are beautiful. •I love the noise of falling rain. •More traffic will be able to pass on the widened road. Participles as subject complement分词做主语补足语 分词作表语时，现在分词往往表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词表示主语所处的状态。 •The music is much pleasing to the ear. •Gwinn was pleased with the results. •It can be very satisfying to work in the garden. •If you're not completely satisfied, you can get your money back. 分词做宾语补足语 •She smelt something burning. •She heard his name called. •He was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home. •I found those students studying very hard. •I heard him criticized many times. •Customer: Your dog seems very fond of watching you cutting hair. Barber: It isn’t that. Sometimes I snip off a bit of customer’s ear. 分词作宾补与动词不定式作宾补的区别 •I saw a soldier getting on the train. （进行） •I saw a soldier get on the train and disappeared. （全过程） • •Did you hear door bell ringing? （进行） •Yes, I did. I heard it ring three times. （全过程） •She heard the door slamming. （反复性） •She heard the door slam.（一次性） Forming compound adjectives 由分词构成的复合形容词 现在分词与被修饰名词为主谓关系 freedom- loving people peace-keeping force a night-walking animal a good-looking young man 过去分词与被修饰名词为动宾关系 water-covered land a man-made satellite a ready-made dress a green-painted house 7 •吃人的野兽 •冬天开花的植物 •好听的音乐 •国有企业 Present participle & Gerund 现在分词与动名词的区别 •动名词作主语和宾语，现在分词作宾语补足语和状语。 I found him standing at the door. I appreciate you helping me. We sat talking about college life on the grass. He avoided seeing her. Reading loudly every morning is a good habit. Reading the letter, she burst out crying. 现在分词与动名词都可作主语补足语，动名词主要说明主语的内容，现在分词主要说明主语的性质或状态。可以把这种现在分词看作是形容词的用法。 •His great love is painting colored pictures of villages. •His hobby is collecting stamps. •These results are most satisfying. 现在分词和动名词都可作定语。现在分词强调动词的动作性，动名词则常借助动词的意思用来表示性质、用途或状态。 a sleeping car a sleeping child a reading room a reading student boiling-point boiling water 8 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/0baa353c56270722192e453610661ed9ad51558a.html