英语总结
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The Earth is a very large spherical body. The science of geology is concerned with the Earth and the rocks of which it composed, the processes by which they were formed during geological time, and the modeling of the Earth’s surface in the past and at the present day. Earth is not a static body but is constantly subject to changes both at its surface and at deeper levels. Surface changes can be observed by engineers and geologists alike; among them erosion is a dominant process which in time destroys coastal cliffs, reduces the height of continents, and transports the material so removed either to the sea or to inland basins of deposition. Changes that originate below the surface are not so easily observed and their nature can only be postulated. Some are the cause of slow movements of continents across the surface of the globe; others cause the more rapid changes associated with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Among the planets of our Solar System the Earth is unique in possessing （拥有）a continuous （连续的 ）body of salt water, the oceans. The oceans cover almost 71 percent of the Earth’s surface and contain about 97% of the water in the hydrosphere. The distribution of lands and seas over the Earth is asymmetric; land is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere. Oceans water is distributed in four deep-ocean basins: (1) Pacific （太平洋）(as large as all the others put together), (2) Atlantic, (3) Indian, and (4) Arctic（北冰洋）. The southern ocean, known as the Antarctic Ocean, does not occupy a separate basin, but a depression（洼地） that is formed by southward extensions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins. Smaller, partially isolated bodies of ocean water are seas. A few examples are the Caribbean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the South China Sea. Still-smaller arms of the oceans are gulfs, bays, channels, and straits. Most solids are crystalline(结晶质的), with the atoms(原子), ions（离子）, or molecules（分子） of which they consist being arranged in a regular pattern. Four kinds of bonds are found in crystals; ionic, covalent（共有原子价的,共价的）, metallic（金属的）, and van der Waals. The crust of the earth is its outer shell of rock. The crust is typically 5 miles（英里） thick under the oceans and 20 miles thick under the continents. The most abundant （丰富的，大量的，充足的）elements（元素） in the crust are oxygen (47% by mass) and silicon（硅） (28%); then come aluminum（铝）, iron（铁）, calcium（钙）, sodium（钠）, potassium（钾）, and magnesium（镁）, which range from 8% to 2% in that order. Since the 0-- ion is relatively large, over 90% of the volume of the crust is oxygen. Rocks are aggregates（聚集） of homogeneous（同性质的, 同类的） substances called minerals. The term rock is used for those materials of many kinds which form the greater part of the relatively thin outer shell, or crust, of the Earth; Thermal（热的, 热量的, 由热造成的） or Contact（接触） Metamorphism, where rise of temperature is the dominant factor. Thermal effects are brought about in contact zones adjacent to igneous intrusions. Dynamic（有活力的, 强有力的） or Dislocation（位错） Metamorphism, where the dominant control is stress（压力）, as in belts of shearing. Regional（地区的;区域的） Metamorphism, where both temperature and pressure have operated over a large area. Land areas are continually being reduced and their shape modified by weathering and erosion, and the general term for this is denudation. Pluton is defined as any body of intrusive igneous rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification（成岩作用，岩化） of sedimentary materials. Carbon steels exist in three stable crystalline phases.碳素钢含有3种稳定的结晶状态。 Everest 珠穆朗玛峰 the Marianas Trench 马里亚纳海沟 petroleum石油 erosion侵蚀 inland basin 内陆盆地 index-mineral 指相矿物 abyssal plain 深海平原 continental rise 大陆基 chlorite绿泥石 lithosphere 岩石圈 continental shelf 大陆架 asthenophere 软流圈 relief 地貌，地形起伏 thermal conductivity 热传导率 temperature gradient 温度剃度 trench 海沟 geostatic pressure 地压力 elastic wave 弹性波 isostatic balance 地壳均衡 velocity速度 the wave crest顶 The orbital轨道 negligible忽略 circulation循环 the Coriolis effect科里奥利效应 whirlpools漩涡流 gyres环流 the Gulf Stream墨西哥湾流 the North Atlantic Drift北大西洋漂移 the gravitational 重力 variations变化 representation代表 neap tides小潮汐 hydrosphere 水圈 asymmetric不均匀的 hemisphere半球 Atlantic大西洋 hydrologic水文学的 Arctic北极 Antarctic南极 Caribbean Sea 加勒比海 Mediterranean Sea 地中海 bioerosional生物侵蚀的 abyssal floor 深海床，深海底 tropical reef 热带珊瑚礁 morphology形态学 The groundwater地下水 the regolith 风化层 formation water地层水 vadose water渗流水 hydraulicgradient 水力梯度 nonconfined 非承压的 infiltrate 渗透 confined 承压的 irregularity不规则 positive正极的 negative负极的 accounts for为…负责, 占……比例 Minerals矿产，矿物 crystalline结晶质的 adhesion附着力 bond化学键 symmetry对称 ionic离子的 thermal热的 momentary 瞬间的 covalent 共价的 covalent bond 共价键 asymmetry不对称 metallic金属的 ferromagnesian铁镁质的 ven der Waals 范德华键，分子键 silicate硅酸盐 lattice晶格 carbonate 碳酸盐 alternate交替的 tetrahedron 四面体 assembly组合，装配 clarity清楚 eject喷射 debris碎片 garnet石榴石 laminae纹层 almandine铁铝榴石 chert燧石 staurolite十字石 denote表示，代表 kyanite蓝晶石 transformation转化，转换 sillimanite矽线石 recrystallization 重结晶 slate板岩 impart给予 schist片岩 lattice晶格 gneiss片麻岩 equilibrium平衡 migmatite混合岩 superimpose叠加，添加，双重 granulite麻粒岩，变粒岩 marble大理岩 solvent溶剂，溶媒 eclogite榴辉岩 expell排除，消除 dehydration脱水 amphibolite角闪岩 mylonite糜棱岩 dislocation错位，断错 hornfels角岩 shearing剪切 literally字面上的 denudation剥蚀 swiftly即刻，快速地 alluvium冲积层 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/14663a1da300a6c30c229f0a.html