文体学名词解释
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1. stylistics: a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners / linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels. 2. style: Manner indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. 3. register语域:Registers are language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put. Such varieties do not depend on the people who use the language, but on the occasion when it is used. 4. field of discourse: the linguistic reflection of the purposive role of the language user, --the type of social activity the language user is engaged in doing in the situation in which the text has occurred. That is to say, the language the user uses will show what his/her language is 'about', what experience he/she is verbalizing, what is 'going on' in the speech event. 5. tenor of discourse : the linguistic reflection of the personal relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader—called PERSONAL TENOR(个人基调), and of what the user is trying to do with language for/to his or her addressee (s) -- called FUNCTIONAL TENOR（功能基调）. 6. mode of discourse: the linguistic reflection of the relationship that the language user has to the medium of communication. 7. foregrounding Foregrounding, giving unusual prominence to one element or property of a text, relative to other less noticeable aspects. According to the theories of Russian Formalism, literary works are special by virtue of the fact that they foreground their own linguistic status, thus drawing attention to how they say something rather than to what they say: poetry „deviates‟ from everyday speech and from prose by using meter, surprising metaphors, alliteration, and other devices by which its language draws attention to itself. 8. deviation Deviation : a variation that deviates from the standard or norm; the breaking of normal rules of linguistic structure; violation of the norms; Departure from general order 9. loose sentence松散句 A sentence that completes the main thought well before the end is called loose sentence, which often occurs in conversations or informal writings. 10. periodic sentence掉尾句 is a sentence which suspends the completion of the main thought until(near) the end. 11. Gobbledygook官样文章 Bureaucratic writings are often referred to as “gobbledygook” , because they are written in an obscure and complex style, which to some extent may help to impress, to mislead or deceive the public. 12. accessibility, Accessibility means whether a piece of language is easy to understand for the addressee. As the language becomes more formal, more impersonal, more specialized in certain subject matter, it tends to become less accessible to the ordinary reader or listener. 13. impersonality Impersonality reflects the extent to which the producer of a text avoids reference to himself/herself or to the reader. 14. degrees of formality Formality refers to the way in which the style or tone of language will vary in appropriateness according to the social context. The degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships, number of hearers, and contexts of situation, such as a public lecture, church service, cocktail party, and so on. 15. politeness Politeness refers to (1) How languages expressed the social distance between the speakers and their different role-relationships; (2) How face-work, that is, the attempt to establish, maintain, and save face during conversation, is carried out in a speech community. 16. iamb抑扬格 It has a pattern alternating stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with an unstressed syllable. 17. trochee扬抑格 Trochee or trochaic foot may be described as alternating stressed and unstressed syllables, beginning with a stressed syllable. 18.meter 格律 Metre （格律，韵律）refers to an organized pattern of strong and weak syllables. 19. Foot （音步）refers to the span of stressed and unstressed syllables that form a rhythmical pattern. 20. fog index迷雾指数 The fog index is commonly used to confirm that text can be read easily by the intended audience. Fog index = 0.4(L+H) L=the average sentence length in a passage H= the percentage of hard words in the passage Texts for a wide audience generally need a fog index less than 12. Texts requiring near-universal understanding generally need an index less than 8. 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/bf434181ec3a87c24028c457.html