1. allophone:音位变体 The different phones which represent or derive from one phoneme are called the allophones of that phoneme. 2. context:语境，上下文 refers to the features of the situation or environment, linguistic and /or extra-linguistic, in relation to which an utterance or text has meaning. 3. parole:言语 is the realization of the langue 4. root:词根 is the part which is left after all the affixes (inflectional affixes and derivational affixes) are removed 5. the semantic triangle: 语义三角illustrating the view of meaning as concept. 6. reference:所指 extra-linguistic relationship —object carrying these properties 7. connotative meaning:内涵意义it is the communicative value that a word or a combination of words has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. For example, the connotative meaning of ―woman is emotional, frail, inconstant, irrational, etc. 8. IC Analysis: 直接成分分析法A sentence can be segmented into the smallest meaningful linguistic units, such a method of cutting sentences or words into their meaningful component parts is called ICA. 9. Cooperative Principle:合作原则a principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both parties will normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning. It is composed of four maxims: quality, relation, and manner. 10. Speech Act Theory:言语行为理论 : scientific study of speech acts in communication. the theory was proposed by J.L.Austin and has been developed by J.R.Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things,” to perform acts. 11. duality:二元性the way meanings elements of language at one level( sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units(words) at another level. 12. labiodentals:唇齿音 speech sounds produced with the upper teeth and the lower lip. 13. minimal pairs:最小对立体when two different words are identical in every way except for one phoneme which occurs in the same place, they are said to form a minimal pair. 14. syllable:音节a syllable is the smallest structured sound unit made up of a rule-governed sequence of phonemes. 15. initialism:首字母缩略词some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Such words are called initialism. 16. Cooperative Theory:合作理论 同9.合作原则定义 17. conversational implicature:会话含义，言外之意（谈话的暗示）a kind of extra meaning that is not literally contained in the utterance. 18. synonymy:同义词the sense relations of “sameness of meaning” between lexical items, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased. 19. word class:词性a group of words which are similar in function; words which are grouped into word classes according to how they combine with other words, how they change their forms, etc. 20. syntax:句法is a part of the grammar of a language, dealing with the structures of sentences and the rules governing them 21. displacement:置换 is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. 22. phonology:音系学.语音体系the science or the scientific study of the system and the patterns of the speech sounds of languages 23. morphology:形态学，词态学as a branch of linguistics, is thus the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words. 24. language:语言a well-organized system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. phonetics:语音学.The scientific study of speech sounds, which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings. 26. pragmatics:语用学: is generally defined as the study of language in actual use in linguistic communication 27. sense: intra-linguistic relationship—abstract properties of an object 28. The Prescriptive Approach:规范性的方法this view regards grammar as a set of rules for the proper use of a language, that’s to say, it tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. 29. linguistic context:语言语境is the context within which a particular expression is uttered suggests that we can derive meaning from, or reduce it to, the observable context. 30. homonymy:同音异义the words in any language have the same linguistic form but a different meaning, e.g. “book a flight ” and “ buy a book” . 31. Behaviorist Theory:行为主义理论the view that the meaning of a linguistic form is denied as observable behaviors which is an approach drawing on psychology. 32. morph:变体the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. 33. synchronic linguistics: 共时语言学the study of language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time. 34. conceptual meaning:概念意义It means the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to, also called denotative or cognitive meaning. It is the essential and in extricable part of what language is and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. For instance, the conceptual meaning of he/in English is any male person or male animal 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/ff2308aef8c75fbfc77db285.html