语言学总结
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爆破音Stops/plosives：[p]:voiceless bilabial stop [b]:voiced bilabial stop [t]:voiceless alveolar stop [d]:voiced alveolar stop [k]:voiceless velar stop [g]:voiced velar stop 摩擦音fricatives：[f]:voiceless labiodentals fricatives [v]:voiced labiodentals fricatives [s]:voiceless alveolar fricative [z]:voiced alveolar fricative [ θ]:voiceless fricatives dentals [ ð]:voiced fricatives dentals [ ʃ]:voiceless fricatives palatals [ ʒ]:voiced fricatives palatals [ h]:voiceless fricatives glottal 后元音back vowels：[u:]:back rounded tense high [ u]:back rounded lax high [ ɔ:]:back rounded tense mid [ ɔ]:back rounded lax mid [ a:]:back unrounded tense low 名词解释(举例)： 1. Design feature: Refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from animal communication systems. There are seven design features: arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. 2. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language is a phoneme. zip sip {z}and{s} are distinctive sounds which are called phoneme. 3. Suprasegmental features: Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. Stress and intonation 4. Morpheme: A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.-s –er –ed 5. Allomorph: The different phones representing a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones. past tense {-s} is realized by -d -ed 6. Immediate constituent analysis: Constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction is Immediate constituents.P76 7. Componential analysis: The method of analyzing the meaning of a word into its semantic components is called componential analysis. father male+ ascend+ mother male- ascend+ 8. Deixis: Deixis means “pointing” via language from the speech situation .such as person deixis, time deixis, space deixis. 9. Conversantional implicature: A kind of extra meaning that is not literally contained in the utterance.P155 解答： 1. Q:What are the differences between competence and performance? A:Competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is, the actual use of this knowledge. Chomsky’s distinction represents a similar classification of knowledge and behavior and a similar dichotomy of the scope of linguistic inquiry. Chomsky’s competence is a psychological construct and de Saussure’s langue is a set of social conventions. 2. Q:What is Speech Act Theory? A:Speech Act Theory was proposed by J.L.Austin and has been developed by J.R.Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts. It has three parts: Locutionary act ; Illocutionary act; Perlocutionary act. The locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning. The illocutionary act can be a request. The perlocutionary act is the hearer’s reaction. 3. Q:What are the four maxims of the cooperative principle? A: Make your conversational contribution as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged. (1)The Maxim of Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true. (2)The Maxim of quantity: ⅰMake your contribution as informative as is required. ⅱ Do not make your contribution more informative than is required (3)The Maxim of Relation: Be relevant (4)The Maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous 4. Q:What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar? A:1.Traditional grammar is usually based on earlier grammars of Latin or Greek and applied to some other languages, often inappropriately. 2.Traditonall grammar emphasizes such matters as correctness, linguistic purism, literary excellence, the use of Latin models and the priority of the written language. 3.Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness. Linguistics are interested in what is said, not what they think ought to be said. So they are often said to be descriptive, not prescriptive. 4.Linguistics regard the spoken language as primary, not written. It is believed that speech came into being first for any human language and the writing system came along much later. 5.Linguistics describes each language on its own merits. 5. Q:How do you understand language? Explain it in detail. A:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. So, Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary---there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing. Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication---it is human-specific, very different from system of animal communication. 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/8309572f647d27284b73518c.html