名词解释 Unit1 1.Language:can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(5ˊ) 2.Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of timein history.(5ˊ) 3.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time.(5ˊ) 4.Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual use and the naturally occurring language events.(5ˊ) 5.Competence and performance: competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language﹔(2ˊ)and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication(3ˊ). Unit2 6.Phonetics:is defined as the study of the phonic medium oflanguage(1ˊ)；it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’slanguages(2ˊ),these three branches of phonetics are labeledarticulator phonetics，auditory phonetics，an acoustic phonetics respectively(2ˊ)． 7.Diacritics:diacriticswhich are added to the letter-symbols to bring outthe finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do．(5ˊ) 8.Broad transcription and narrow transcription:one is the transcription with letter-symbols only(2ˊ),the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics(3ˊ)． 9.phoneme:a phoneme is a phonological unit：it is a unit that is of distinctive value(3ˊ);it is an abstract unit(2ˊ)． 10.Sequential rules: there are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.(5ˊ) Unit3 11.Morpheme:The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.(5ˊ) 12.Perivtion:It is an affixational proless that forms a word with a meaning(2ˊ) and/or category distinct from that of its bases(3ˊ). 13.Word:Linguists define the word as the smallest free form found in language.(5ˊ) 14.Free morpheme:A morpheme which can be a word by itself.(5ˊ) 15.Root:The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major.(5ˊ) Unit4 16.Phrase structure rule:A cortain word can only concur with certain other words(1ˊ).There must be certain grammatical mechanism that ensures the appropriate position that specifiers,heads,and complements occupy in phrase structure(2ˊ).Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule(2ˊ). 17.Syntax:syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.(5ˊ) 18.Coordination rule:For example,some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the relp of a conjunction such as and or(3ˊ).Such phrases are called coordinate structures(2ˊ). 19.Deep structure and surface structure:The first,formed by the XP rule in a accordance with the head's subcategorization properties,is called deep stmcture(3ˊ).The second,corresponding to the final syntanicform of the sentence which resuts from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure(2ˊ). 20.Categories:Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulficl the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb(3ˊ).Word level categories are divided in two kinds:major lexical categories and minor lexical categories(2ˊ). Unit5 21.semantics:can be simply defined as the study of meaning(2ˊ),meaning is central to the study of communication(3ˊ). 22.Contextualist:The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts(3ˊ).Two kinds of context are recognized:the situational context and the linguistic context(2ˊ). 23.Behaviorism:Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the "situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer."(5ˊ) 24.Sense:sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of linguistic form.(5ˊ) 25.Reference: means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world(2ˊ)﹔it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience(3ˊ). 26.Synonymy:refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning(1ˊ).Polysemy:while different words may have the same or similar meaning,the same one word may have more than one meaning(1ˊ).Homonymy:refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form(1ˊ).Hyponymy:refers to the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word and a more specific word(1ˊ).Antonymy:antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning(1ˊ). 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/2bae8489cd2f0066f5335a8102d276a2002960ac.html