基础英语之名词讲解
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Date: January 30th, 2016 Teacher: Damon Content: Basic English Grammar and VocabularyEasyEnglish Lesson 1 Part of Speech [Noun] 第一课 名词 Learning Goals: 1. To learn the definition(定义） of noun; 2. To get to know the classification（分类） of noun; 3. To learn the formation（形成） of plural（复数的） form of noun; 4. To learn noun genitive（名词所有格）; 5. To learn Unit Noun(单位词）; 6. To learn to express the number of collective noun（集体名词）; Part 1 Generalization of English Part of Speech Part of Speech Noun 表示人或事物名称的词。 Example Definition Part 2 Noun 1. Classification of Noun Classification Criteria Word Meaning 词汇意义 Classification of Noun 普通名词 Definition & Example 个体名词(Individual Noun) Table, desk, car, house, person, human, dog, animal, boy, girl... 集体名词(Collective Noun) People, team, family(家人）, audience, army...(不可以用a/an/one来修饰） a family member 一个家人 除了意识形态的名词，water, money, Ghost, god, idea, thought, mind, opinion, view, love, hatred, Ma Yun, Chairman Mao, Pyramid, Tianfu Square, Shen, 可以用a/an/one修饰，且有单复数的变化 不可以用表示单数的限定词修饰，无单复数变化，表示复数概述时，要借助量词、单位词 one piece of paper; a cup of coffee; two cups of coffee; Paper, Earth-quake, water-fall, fire-work, human-being, rain-fall, Argument, requirement, teacher, worker, walker, （Common Noun） 物质名词(Material Noun) 抽象名词(Abstract Noun) 专有名词(Proper Noun) Grammar Characteristic 语法特征 可数名词(Countable Noun) 不可数名词(Uncountable Noun) Formation 构词法则 简单名词(Simple Noun) 复合名词(Compound Noun) 派生名词(Derivative Noun) 添加了词缀的词 Date: January 30th, 2016 Teacher: Damon Content: Basic English Grammar and VocabularyEasyEnglish 2. Singular & Plural Form Transformation Rules 一般情况,直接加s 以s,ch,sh,x结尾的词， 以辅音字母加y结尾的普通名词，变y为i，再加es 但是以辅音字母加y结尾的专有名词，以及以元音字母加y结尾的普通名词，都是直拉加s 以f/fe结尾的词，多数也直接加s 少数把f/fe变为v，再加es 极少数名词可以兼具以上两种形式 以元音字母或元音音标加o结尾的词，一般直接加s Examples Cars, doors, windows, students, books, beds, kids, sons, daughters, doctors, Gases; classes; boxes; buses; buzzes;churches; benches; wishes; watches Parties; ladies; universities; flies; spies; factories; skies; cries; denies; Marys; Germanys; toys; plays; joys; days; boys; Beliefs; chiefs; cliffs; griefs; roofs; safes; Lives; halves; shelves;calves;thieves; selves; knives; leaves; wolves; loaves; Dwarfs; dwarves; handkerchiefs; handkerchieves; scarfs; scarves; hoofs; hooves Radios; portfolios; studios; bamboos; kangaroos; zoos; cuckoos; embryos; romeos; 某些以辅音字母加o结尾的词，加es Potatoes; echoes; heroes; vetoes; embargoes; tomatoes; torpedoes; 某些以辅音字母加o结尾的词只加s Photos; solos; kilos; quartos; memos; autos; pianos; cellos; sopranos; altos; 某些以o字母结尾的词加s或es均可 Mosquitos; mosquitoes; zeros; zeroes; cargos; cargoes; volcanos; volvanoes; mottos; mottoes; manifestos; manifestoes; archipelagos; archipelagoes; 3. Irregular Transformation Irregular Transformation 改变元音字母 单复数同形 Examples foot-feet; man-men; woman-women; child-children; ox-oxen; mouse-mice; louse-lice; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; a deer-two deer; a sheep-two sheep; a fish-two fish; a trout-two trout; a Swiss- two Swiss; a Chinese-two Chinese; a Japanese-two Japanese; a Portuguese-two Portuguese; one means-all means; a works-two works; A species-two species;a series-two series; a headquarters-two headquarters; one barracks-two barracks; Clothes, poetry, audience, people, Usage and Example 一般情况下，表示有生命的事物。 Shen’s house; Damon’s computer; Demon’s steps; 一般情况下，表示没有生命的事物。 The window of the house; the colour of the computer; 只有复数形式的词 Possession Forms ’s of + noun 4. Noun Genitive (名词所有格；通常情况下，表示所属关系或类别） Date: January 30th, 2016 Teacher: Damon Content: Basic English Grammar and VocabularyEasyEnglish Part 5 Unit Noun(单位词) Generalization of Unit Noun 是指用于表示事物数量的词，与可数名词搭配表示“一个”、“一群”、“一帮”、“一对”、“一组”等概念，不可数名词没有复数形式，因此也需要借助单位词来表示其数量。 表示数量的单位词（quantity） Piece;bit 搭配能力超强，一般情况下，所有的不可数名词都可与之搭配，如：a piece of paper/advice/furniture/equipment/evidence/proof/bread/cake; A bit of grass/bread/news/wood/trouble. 表示形状的单位词（shape） 这类单位词，如head;drop;bar;slice等与事物的形状有关，因此搭配能力颇受限制，如:ten head of cattle;a drop of water;a slice of meat; a bar of chocolate. 表示容积的单位词（volume） 这类单位词，如bottle, bowl, glass, cup, handful, spoonful等，都是一些表示容积的普通名词，搭配能力较强，如：a bottle of water; a bowl of rice; a cup of tea; a handful of clay; two spoonfuls of hot water;a glass of wine. 表示动作或状态的单位词（action/state） 这类单位词如display, flash, peal表示动作或状态，通常只限于某些固定搭配，使用范围狭窄，如：a peal of applause/laughter/thunder; a flash of hope/hatred/light/lightning; a display of courage/force/power/skill/fireworks 表示成双、成组或成群的单位词（pair/group） 这类单位词通常有pair, group, flock, litter, pack等，如a pair of birds; a flock of birds; a group of people; a litter of kittens; a pack of lies等。 Part 6 The Number of Collective Noun Generalization 集体名词（collective noun）有时可数，有时不可数，用法比较复杂；有一些集体名词本身没有复数形式，若要计数，就得使用在语义（meaning/semantics）与之对应的个体名词。 个体名词 Poem Machine Knife Gun,pistol... Letter Policeman/policewoman 集体名词 Clothing Furniture Equipment Foliage Luggage/baggage Clergy 个体名词 Garment,coat ... Table,chair... Tool Leaf Bag/case/trunk... Clergyman/clergymen 集体名词 Poetry Machinery Cutlery Weaponry Correspondence Police Exceptions 然而，有一些集体名词本身可用于个体意义，从而有单复数形式，如team, a team, three teams; family, a family, two families; a committee, several committees. 这些集体名词用于单数意义时，把集体视为一个整体；用于复数意义时，是指构成整体的一个个个体。 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/3cc7ddf15901020207409cdd.html