自整英语语言学
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. 一. 名词解释 Chapter 1 Introduction引言 1. linguistic语言 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 语言学一般被定义为语言的科学研究。 2. general linguistics一般语言学 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 作为整体而言的语言研究经常被成为一般语言学。 3. phonetics语音学 The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. 语言交际中语音的研究导致了语音学的建立。 4. morphology形态学 The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology. 对这些符号的排列方式和组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的分支形态学。 5. syntax句法 The study of the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is called syntax. 句子的组合形式的研究称之为句法。 6. semantics语义学 The study of meaning is known as semantics. 意义的研究被称为语义学。 7. pragmatics语用学 When the study of meaning is conducted，not in isolation，but in the context of language use，it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. 当意义的研究是进行的，不是孤立的，而是在语言运用的语境中，它就称为语言学的另一个分支，语用学。 8. sociolinguistics社会语言学 The studies of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics. 研究社会各方面的语言和社会形势的关系为核心的分支叫做社会语言学。 9. psycholinguistics心理语言学 Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理学。 10. descriptive描写性 If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use，it is said to be descriptive. 如果一个语言研究的目的是为了描述和分析语言的实际上的使用，那么它是描述性的。 11. prescription规定性 If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say，it is said to be prescription. 如果语言研究的目的是制定规则，告诉人们什么是他们应该说的，什么是不应该说的，那么它是规定性的。 12. synchronic共时性 . . The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. 历史上某一语言的描述是一个共时性的研究。 13. diachronic历时性 The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 语言通过时间发生变化的描述是一个历时性的研究。 14. langue语言 Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. 语言是语言使用者必须遵守的习惯和规则的设置。 15. parole言语 Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. 言语是对规则应用的具体使用。 16. competence语言能力 Competence is a native speaker’s unconscious，implicit knowledge of rules that underline his or her judgements of grammaticality and meaning. 语言能力是指一个母语使用者的无意识的语法和意义的判断规则的内隐知识。 17. performance语言运用 Performance is the actual events of language production and comprehension. 语言运用是指语言产生和理解的实际事件。 18. language语言 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是一个符号系统，人们借助它来实现交流的目的。 Chapter 2 1. phonetics语音学 Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. 语音学是关于语言的声音媒介的研究，它关注的是所有发生在世界的语言的声音。 2. phonology音系学、音韵学 Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 音系学的目的是要发现在语言形式上的语音是如何形成的，以与这些声音是如何在语言交际中传递意义的。 3. phone音素 A phone is phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. 音素是语音单位或分部。在语言交流中，我们听到的所有声音都是音素。 4. phoneme音位 A phoneme is a phonological unit；it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound，but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certainphonetic context. 一个音位是一个语音单元，它是一个具有独特价值的单位，它是一个抽象的单位，它不是一种特殊的声音，而是在特定的语音环境中用某个特定的因素来表示或实现的。 5. allophone音位变体 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called . . the allophones of that phoneme. 不同的语音环境中，能够代表一个音位的不同因素被称为音位变体。 6. phonemic contrast音位对立 Phonemic contrast refers to a relation between different phonemes .They can take the same position in a sound combination but they cause difference in meaning. 音位对立指不同音位之间的关系。它们在一个声音组合里占有同一位置，但却会导致意义的不同。 7. complementary distribution互补分布 Two allophones of the same phoneme occur in different environments, but they never contrast each other. These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 两个来自相同音位的音位变体在不同的环境中，但他们从不互相对比，这两个音位变体是互补分布的。 8. sequential rules序列规则 The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 在一种特定的语言中，语音的组合是受规则制约的，这些规则叫做系列规则。 9. assimilation rule同化规则 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound similar to the following one bycopying one of its phonetic features. 同化规则类似于复制一个它的语音特点。 10. deletion rule省略规则 The rule governing the deletion of a sound in the certain phonetic context although it is represented in spelling. 在特定的语音环境中删除一个声音的规则叫做省略规则，虽然这个声音被表示在拼写上。 11. surprasegmental features超切分特征 The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. 发生在切分层面上的音位特征被称为超切分特征。 12. stress重音 When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is pronounced with great force than the other or others. 当一个词的某个音节重读时，意味着音节比其他的有更大的力量。 13. word stress词重音 The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. 重音在英语单词中的位置区别意义。 14. tone音调，声调 Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. First : level. Second: rise. Third: fall-rise. Fourth: fall. 音调是音调的变化，这是由不同的声带振动引起的。音高的变化可以区分意义就像音素，因此，声调是一个超切分特征。 15. intonation语调 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. . 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/9a89044074232f60ddccda38376baf1ffc4fe3a3.html