讲义-句子种类(1)陈述句和疑问句

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班级: 姓名: 座号: 讲义:句子种类(1

英语句子的分类

句子是语言运用的单位。一个句子可以表达一个完整的思想:陈述一件事(述句) ,提出一个问题(疑问句),表示一个请求或者命令(祈使句),抒发一种感情(感叹句)

根据句子的使用目的,英语句子可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句

1、陈述句

陈述句陈述事实,肯定或否定一件事情。 肯定句: Jim is a student.吉姆是一个学生。

He likes music.他喜欢音乐

否定句: She cannot play the piano.她不会弹钢琴。

Jim is not a student.吉姆不是学生。

Tom has not a sister. 汤姆没有姐姐(妹妹) Tom does not have a sister.汤姆没有姐姐(妹妹) He does not like music.他不喜欢音乐

We do not have classes on Sunday.我们星期天不上课。

陈述句否定式的构成:

1 如果句子的谓语动词是情态动词、助动词、连系动词be 或者have,

在其后面加副词not,即构成否定句;

2 如果句子的谓语动词是实义动词,一般在这个动词之前加助动词do+

not,即构成否定句。

3 陈述句改否定句的方法——一步法

1. be动词(is are am were was)/情态动词(cancould, will, would, shall, shouldmustmay)的。在be动词/情态动词后加not 2. be动词/情态动词,一般现在时在实意动词前加dont第三人称单数前doesn't/一般过去式 didnt

3doesn't/ did nt的句子注意,句子动词要变成原型。

Be动词

I am a student. I am not a student.

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You are sad. You are not sad.

He is playing the guitar. He is not playing the guitar 情态动词

I can swim. I can not swim.

You will go to the park. You will not go to the park. 实义动词

当句中的动词是原形时,加dont I like English. I do not like English. You have dinner. You do not have dinner.

当句中的动词是第三人称单数时,加doesnt ,再加动词原形 She likes singing. She doesnt like singing. She does her homework. She does not do her homework. 当句中的动词是过去式时,用didnt,加动词原形

We had a great time during our holidays. We did not have a great time during our holidays.

I went to school yesterday. I did not go to school yesterday.

注意:陈述句中的some在否定句中应改为any 如: There are some students in the classroom. There are not any students in the classroom.

陈述句变否定句的专项训练

I Be 动词 1. He is a boy.

_______________________________________________ 2. I am your friend.

_______________________________________________ 3. My sister is a beautiful girl.

_______________________________________________ 4. My mother is a worker.

_______________________________________________ 5. They are in the classroom.

_______________________________________________

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II

情态动词

1. Lucy will be back in a week.

______________________________________________

2. She can sing a song and draw a picture.

______________________________________________

3. You can use the dictionary.

______________________________________________

4. Peter need go home tomorrow.

______________________________________________

5. You should line up when you wait for a bus.

______________________________________________

III 实义动词

1. We come from China.

______________________________________________ 2. We like the mask.

______________________________________________ 3. He likes the violin.

______________________________________________ 4. Have some bread, Tom.

______________________________________________ 5. Please open your books.

______________________________________________



2、疑问句

表示询问的句子叫疑问句。英语疑问句分为四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

2.1 一般疑问句

就整个句子提问的疑问句叫一般疑问句。其结构形式除了句末用问号以外,还需使用不同于陈述句的词序,即须将动词置于主语前。

一般疑问句的构成是:

(1)谓语动词为be ()时,将其移到句首:

You are a worker - Are you a worker? 你是工人吗? (2)谓语动词有助动词或情态动词时,将其移到句首: He likes music - Does he like music? 他喜欢音乐? You must go today - Must you go today? 你今天必须走吗?

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(3)谓语动词为其他动词时,另加助动词do,放在句首: You understand English -Do you understand English? 你懂英语?

She goes to school by bus -Does she go to school by bus? 她乘公共汽车上学?

You have some pencils -Do you have any pencils? 你有铅笔吗?

一、一般疑问句的回答

肯定回答:Yes , 主语 + 一般疑问句开头的那个单词。 例如: Is Tom a student? Yes , he is .

2、否定回答: No , 主语 + 一般疑问句开头那个单词和not的缩写形式。 例如: Is Tom a student? No , he isn`t.

二、 陈述句改一般疑问句的方法——三步法

1. be动词/情态动词:be动词/情态动词提到句首,其余照抄,(someany第一人称变为第二人称my改成your , I 改成you, we 改成you, our改成your )句末用问号。

2. be动词/情态动词,只有实意动词的,在句首加Do/Does/Did,其余照抄,(some改成any,第一人称变为第二人称my改成your , I 改成you, we 改成you, our改成your )句末用问号。

3. Doesdid 的句子注意,句子动词要变成原型。

陈述句改一般疑问句专项练习

把下列句子变成一般疑问句 1. I am listening to music.







_______________________________________ 2 Tom likes listening to music ________________________________________ 3. Sarah can clean the classroom.





________________________________________ 4. I put a book on my head.









________________________________________

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5. There were some flowers in the vase.

________________________________________



2.2 特殊疑问句

就句中某一成分提问的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。

2.1特殊疑问句作主语或者主语的定语时,与陈述句语序相同,例如: Who is in the room?

Whose father works in Beijing?

2.2特殊疑问词作句子的其他成分时,语序为:疑问词+一般疑问句。 例如: Where do you come from?(come 谓语,from+地点”介词短语作状语) When will you go?(时间状语)





特殊疑问词

疑问句

意思

用法

例句

划线举例

I read the book two years ago.

When do you go there

when既可对具体的时间点提问,

When do you go to

也可对年、月、日等模糊的时间提

Beijing?

问)

Who is that woman? Whose book is this? Where is the cinema? Which bag is yours? Why are you so excited? What can you see? What's your father

Li Hui is his brother Julia's father is a worker. They are singing in the tree. The boy in blue is my cousin. Because she likes dogs. My father is a teacher

He does his homework at night..

when 什么时间 问时间

Who(主语)/who(宾语)

whose where which why what

谁的 在哪里 哪一个 为什么

问人 问主人 问地点 问选择 问原因

西/

什么 /

什么时间 ….怎么样 星期几 什么日期

问点时间(时间) 问意 问星期 问具体日

what time What

/how about what day What ... date

What time is it now? She begins her classes at nine. She likes _____you?

singing.

____

What/how about you? What day is it today? What’s the date today?

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Today is Sunday. Tomorrow is July 31.




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how 怎么样

问身体状 /程度//

问年 /一段时间 问大小

问数

可数

How do you feel?

如:I'm fine.身体状况)How are you

She goes to school on foot.(方式) He did it in that way.(手段)

He likes English very much.(程度)

She is ten years old.

The river is 15 miles.

The meeting lasted for two hours.

My room is 25 square metres.

how old

(年龄) 多长 (体积) 多少(数量)

How old are you?

how long/ How long is your ruler?

how big How big is the elephant?

how many

How many pencils do There are three people in my you have? family.

how much

问价钱

多少(价

问数量

钱)多少

(不可数)

(数量)



多远 多快 多久一次 还要多久

问路

问速

问频

问时

How much is your shirt?

My shirt is 10 dollars.

There is little milk in the bottle.

how far how fast How often How soon what colour



How far is your school? How fast skateboard.?

can

he

It's about five minutes walk. She can run 10 miles an hour. He goes bowling twice a week.

How often does he go jogging?

How soon will you finish Julia will come back in three your work? days. What colour is your coat?

My coat is orange

什么颜色 问颜色

2.3How的疑问句辨析

一、how manyhow much的区别

how many用来询问可数名词的数量,它的句式是:How many+复数名词+般疑问句+?

how much用来询问不可数名词的数量,也可询问价格。 二、how long, how often, how soon的区别 1how long

how long有以下两个主要意思:

1. 表示多长时间,主要用来对一段时间(three days, four weeks )问。如:

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AHow long did he stay here? 他在这儿呆了多久? BAbout two weeks. 大约两个星期。 2. 表示某东西有多长。如:

AHow long is the river? 这条河有多长? BAbout 500 km. 大约500千米。

2how often指每隔多久,主要用来对频度副词(如:always, usually, often, sometimes, never )或状语(如:once a week, three times a month )提问。如:

AHow often does he come here? (每隔)多久来一次? BOnce a month. 每月一次。

3how soon指再过多久,主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(如:in an hour, in two weeks )提问。如:

AHow soon will he be back? 他要多久才回来? BIn an hour. 1 小时以后。

三、how far表示“多远”对距离的提问,如:

A:How far is your home from school? 你家离学校有多远? BMy house is three miles from school. 我家里学校有三英里



对划线部分提问

1. They are cleaning their classroom now . _____ _____ they cleaning now ? 2. He often has supper at home . ____ _____ he often _____ supper ? 3. They will come back in a minute . ______ _____ will they come back ? 4. I got up at six this morning .

____ ____ ____ you _____ up this morning ? 5. He finished the book last Sunday . _____ _____ he ____ the book ? 6. I didn’t go to school because I had a bad cold . _____ ____ you go to school ?

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7. You’d better take the No. 3 bus . ______ bus _____ I better take ? 8. He’s feeling well . 9. _____ _____ he feeling ?

10. He comes to China once a year . _____ _____ _____ he _____ to China ?



2.3 选择疑问句

提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答,这种问句叫做选择疑问句,选择疑问句的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答时不能用yesno,语调一般是第一种选择用升调,最后一种选择用降调。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。 1.一般选择疑问句

句型:一般疑问句+or +被选择的情况? --- Are you a teacher or a student 你是个老师还是个学生? --- I'm a student. 我是个学生。

--- Did you work out the math problem in this way orinthat way 你用这种方法还是用那种方法把这道数学题算出来的? --- I did it in that way. 我用那种方法算出来的。

2 特殊选择疑问句 句型:特殊疑问句,A or B

--- Which is biggerBeijing or New York 哪个城市大些,北京还是纽约? --- Beijing is bigger.北京更大些。

---- When will he leave for Londontoday or tomorrow 他何时动身去伦敦,今天还是明天?

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---- Tomorrow. 明天。 注意:

or之后如果是单数可数名词,必须要加上冠词。

选择疑问句的回答

回答选择疑问句时,一般在所提供的备选对象范围内选择,有时也要视具体情况作灵活处理,但不能用 Yes / No 来回答,一般用一个完整的陈述句或其简略形式,主语和谓语均省略。近年来的测试趋势逐渐使用一个关键词,即不定代词作简略回答。常用的不定代词有 all (三者或三者以上都) , both (二者都) , either (二者中任意之一) , neither (二者都不) , none (三者或三者以上都不)在运用时要由上下文的语境来决定使用哪一个不定代词。 1、从备选对象中选择其中某一项回答。

Are you going to borrow a dictionary or a magazine? ____. 2005年江苏南通)

A. Yes, a dictionary B. No, a magazine C. A magazine D . Yes, both

分析:选项A, B, D不能回答选择疑问句。选项 C 是从备选对象中选择了其中的一项来回答的,符合语境。故选择C选项。

2选对象是二者,可任选其一就用表示肯定的either两个对象都选就用表示肯定的both;两个对象都不选就用表示否定的neither Would you like chicken noodles or beef noodles? ____. Id like tomato noodles. 2008年宁波) A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

分析:备选对象是二者,先排除D。由“我要西红柿面条”可知,要否定上面提供的备选对象。而AC选项不符合上下文的逻辑,故选B Which do you like better, Math or Physics?

_____. Im interested in them and quite good at them. 2008年乌鲁木齐) A. Both B. None C. Either D. All

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分析:备选对象是二者,先排除BD。由“我对它们感兴趣,而且学得相当好”说明“我喜欢数学物理C不符合逻辑,故选择A选项。 When shall we go to the museum, this afternoon or tomorrow morning? ____ is OK. Im free these days. 2008年重庆) A. Both B. All C. Either D. Neither

分析:备选对象是二者,先排除B。下句中动词is不能和both搭配,A也要排除。由“_____ 都可以。这几天我都有空。”可知,空格处填肯定词either,意为“今天下午和明天早上任意一个时间都可以。选项D 表否定不符合上下文的逻辑,故选C

3、如果备选对象是三者,可任选其一时,就用one of them(他〈它、她〉们中任意之一);三个对象都选就用all;三个对象都不选就用none Which do you like best, coffee, water or juice? _____. I only like tea.

A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None

分析:备选对象是三者,排除A, B, C。选择D选项,意为“咖啡、水和果汁都不喜欢。我只喜欢茶水。

选择疑问句专练

1. What would like, milk or coffee? ___. Just a cup of tea. ( 2008年新疆)

A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None 2. Which do you like better, skating or skiing? _____ o f them. I like running. 2008年福州) A. All B. Both C. Either D. Neither 3. Do you want tea or coffee?

____. I really dont mind. 2007年青岛)

A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither 4. Do you like the pop star Zhou Jielun or the move star Liu Dehua?

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____. I am not their fan. 2007年重庆)

A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All 5. Which do you prefer, bananas or oranges? ____. I enjoy eating apples. 2007年广东) A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All

2.4 反意疑问句

一、基本用法与结构

反意疑问句由“陈述句+简略疑问句”两部分组成,第一部分提出一种看法,第二部分用来质疑或表示证实。

陈述部分与疑问部分的动词时态和动词性质应保持一致,而且肯定和否定形式彼此相反,即陈述部分为肯定式时,疑问部分用否定式,陈述部分为否定式时,疑问部分用肯定式:

He likes English, doesnt he? 他喜欢英语,是吗? He doesnt like English, does he? 他不喜欢英语,是吗? 【注】

1. 若陈述部分含有hardly, never, few, nothing littlenobodyseldom等否定词或半否定词,其疑问部分要用肯定式:

He has few friends here, has he? 他在这儿几乎没什么朋友,是吗? She said nothing, did she? 她什么也没说,是不是?

2. 若陈述部分含有带否定前缀的词,疑问部分仍用否定式: It is unfair, isnt it? 这不公平,不是吗? It is impossible, isnt it? 那是不可能的,是吗?

3. 当陈述部分为为there be句型时,疑问部分仍用there作“主语” There was nothing in the room, was there? 房间里什么也没有,是吗?

4. 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词(this that these those)时,疑问部

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分用it, they等代词:

That is a new car, isnt it? 这是一辆新汽车,是吗?

5.当陈述部分的主语是复合不定代词时,若陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等复合不定代词,其反意疑问句的主语在正式文体中用he,在口语或非正式文体中通常用they

Nobody was late, were they? 没有一个人迟到,是吗?

6.当陈述部分的主语是 something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时,其反意疑问句的主语要用it

Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切都准备好了吗? Nothing is important, is it? 没有什么重要的,不是吗? 二、含情态动词的反意疑问句

1. 基本原则:在通常情况下,当陈述部分含有情态动词时,疑问部分会重复前面同样的情态动词:

He can speak English, cant he?他会说英语,是吗? We shouldnt go, should we? 我们不应该去,对不对? 2. 当陈述部分含有must时,要分两种情况:

must表示“必须”或“有必要”,疑问部分用 mustnt neednt You must leave at once, mustnt [neednt] you? 你必须(有必要)马上离开,是吗?

但是若陈述部分有mustnt表示禁止,疑问部分要must You mustnt laugh, must you? 你不准笑,知道吗?

must表示推测,疑问部分不能用must,而应根据must后的动词结构采用相应的动词形式:

He must be tired, isnt he? 他一定累了,是吗?

三、陈述部分为祈使句的反意疑问句

1. 基本原则:若陈述部分为祈使句,疑问部分通常用will you

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Please help us, will you? 请帮帮我们,好吗? Come with us, will you? 同我们一起去,好吗? Dont forget to post the letter, will you? 请别忘了寄信。

2. 当祈使句为Lets„时,疑问部分总是用 shall we Lets go there together, shall we? 我们一起去,好吗?

3. 当祈使句为Let us„时,若表示请求,疑问部分用will you若表示建议,疑问部分用 shall we

Let us know your address, will you? 请把你的地址告诉我们,好吗? Let us go swimming together, shall we? 我们一起去游泳好吗?

四、陈述部分为主从复合句的反意疑问句

1. 当陈述部分为主从复合句时,疑问部分一般应与主句保持一致: She said that he didnt like it, didnt she? 她说他不喜欢它,是不是? He knows where I live, doesnt he? 他知道我住什么地方,是不是? 当陈述部分为I think (believe, suppose) that...等时,疑问部分通常与从句保持一致(注意否定的转移)

I think that it is too short, isnt it? 我认为它太短了,对不对(它太短吗)? I dont think he will come, will he? 我认为他不会来,对吗(他会来吗)? 【注】这类用法主要限于主语为第一人称且think等动词为一般现在时的情形。



五、几种特殊情况的反意疑问句

1. 当陈述部分是Im„时,疑问部分通常用arent I Im wrong, arent I? 我错了,是吗?

Im older than you, arent I? 我年纪比你大,对不对?

2. 当陈述部分是I wish„时,疑问部分通常用may I I wish to go with them, may I? 我想同他们一起去,可以吗?

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3. 当陈述部分有had better时,疑问部分用had

Hed better leave here, hadnt he? 他最好离开这儿,是吗?



反义疑问句专项练习

1. Dont forget to give Polly some food and change her water, _______? A. shall we B. will you C. won’t you D. do you 2. There is little juice in the glass, _________? A. is there B. isn’t there C. is it

3. ---Hes seldom late for school, ___________? ---No. He is used to going to school early. A. isn’t he B. has he C. hasn’t he D. is he 4.---This bus is always late, _________? ---Sure, it is.

A. is not it B. isn’t it C. isn’t the bus D. doesn’t it 5.---Youre new here, ________?

----Yes, I’m from Dujiangyan. I came here last week.

A. do you B. don’t you C. are you D. aren’t you 6. You used to be outgoing, ?

A. do you B. don’t you C. didn’t you D. did you 7. He has never watched such an important match , _____ he? A. hasn't B. has C. is D. isn't

8.They have to work at once,______ they? A. have B. haven't C. do D. don't 9. She often feels tired,______ she? A. doesn't B. does C. is D. isn't 10. Let's take a short rest, ______?

A. do we B. aren't we C. will you D. shall we

11. Hundreds of people lost their lives in the accident,_______ they? A. don't B. didn't C. do D. did 12. ---Lily didn't come to school, did she?

---____. She was ill in bed.

A. No, she did B. Yes, she did. C. No, she didn't. D. Yes, she didn't 13.---She isn't a teacher, is she?

---_____. She works in a hospital.

A. No, she is B. Yes, she is. C. No, she isn't. D. Yes, she isn't 14.Lily looks like Lucy,_______?

A. is Lily B. isn't she C. does Lilly D. doesn't she 15.Tom often has lunch at school,_____?

A. doesn't Tom B. doesn't he C. does Tom D. doesn't he

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