【#考研# 导语】当你孤独时,风儿就是我的歌声,愿它能使你得到片刻的安慰;当你骄傲时,雨点就是我的警钟,愿它能使你获得永恒的谦逊。以下是©文档大全网为大家整理的《2019考研英语翻译结构译法技巧【八篇】》供您查阅。
【篇一:分割结构】
语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如,英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联,它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是,在有些情况下,或是为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻,或是为了语义严密,结构紧凑,在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之,英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末,使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语意重点放在句末)。同时,在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.
分析:本句的主干结构是:Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。under a spell:被迷住,着迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语,起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句when they considered women at all 是定语从句who considered women in the West中的状语成分。
译文:从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。
2. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.
分析:本句的主干结构是:…there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…”是过去分词短语,修饰 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。
译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关,取得了胜利。
3. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.
分析:the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.
分析:in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定语从句which…之间,起到承上启下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics为investigations 的后置定语,起到分割作用。
译文:由于剩余价值的发现,使问题明朗化了。而先前,无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
5. A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.
分析:lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“更好地”。
译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。
6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.
分析:insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割,做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多,翻译时可把名词转译为动词。
7. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构,作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。
8. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析:这是一个由but引导的并列句。前一分句较简单,who引导的从句作those 的定语,but 后的从句较复杂,从句套从句,for retention…dead是argument的定语。因为它比较长,所以把谓语动词can be found放在它和argument之间,形成分割结构。该句较长,可以分为三层:第一层是those…retention,第二层是but…mumbo-jumbo,第三层是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用顺序法翻译。
译文:那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由,但是肯定找不到合理的论据来保留那令人厌恶的繁文缛节。这一套繁文缛节从法官戴上顶在假发上的擦笔布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之时开始,一直伴随到为被判处死刑的人在其毙命之前诵读葬礼祷文为止。
9. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析:这是一个很典型的分割结构。主干结构是:The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action,application和修饰它的介词短语被一个长长的by短语分割。
译文:第二个方面是,社会上的一切成员,从政府部门中任工职的官员到普通公民,都应运用科学家们在研究工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。
10.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.
分析:连词as 引导的比较状语从句中,it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。
8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构,作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。
9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析:这是一个由but引导的并列句。前一分句较简单,who引导的从句作those 的定语,but 后的从句较复杂,从句套从句,for retention…dead是argument的定语。因为它比较长,所以把谓语动词can be found放在它和argument之间,形成分割结构。该句较长,可以分为三层:第一层是those…retention,第二层是but…mumbo-jumbo,第三层是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用顺序法翻译。
译文:那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由,但是肯定找不到合理的论据来保留那令人厌恶的繁文缛节。这一套繁文缛节从法官戴上顶在假发上的擦笔布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之时开始,一直伴随到为被判处死刑的人在其毙命之前诵读葬礼祷文为止。
10. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析:这是一个很典型的分割结构。主干结构是:The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action,application和修饰它的介词短语被一个长长的by短语分割。
【篇二:倒装句】
为了强调句子的某些部分,或是为了保持句子平衡,英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来,倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候,既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译,也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
分析:本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为:if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文体中,可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略,并将助动词提前。
译文:例如,它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公,因此不能说明一个贫困青年,要是在比较有利的境况下长大,会有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.
分析:该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。
译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。
3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
分析:该句的Much as I have traveled是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much,但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。
译文:我虽然见多识广,但还从未见过比她细心的人,不管什么职业。
4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.
分析:相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是,如果only修饰的不是状语,则不用倒装。
译文:只有很好地掌握了语法知识,写出来的东西才会正确。
5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
分析:当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。
译文:1980年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。
6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
分析:hardly…when 的结构表示“刚…就…”。含有这种结构的句子常将 hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒装的语序。此外,hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时,而 when(或 before)分句中使用过去时。还有,与 hardly…when…结构类似的用法还有 barely (scarcely)…when…
译文:他刚开始讲,听众就打断了他的话。
7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
分析:such…that 结构可将such或含有such 的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so…that结构。
译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。
8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.
分析:本句为表语前置,表示强调。正常语序应为:It is certain that…。
译文:植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。
9. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.
分析:这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接,从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置
译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.
分析:正常语序应为:The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。为使语言生动形象,文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里bear=carry。
译文:从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车,车上坐着学校最的人物。
【篇三:被分割定语从句】
通常,定语从句紧跟在先行词之后,但在具体的运用中,往往也出现有定语从句与先行词被分隔的现象。本文就定语从句与先行词分隔的种种情况、分隔的原因及其汉译进行探讨。
一、定语从句与先行词分隔的形式
1?被谓语分隔,例如:
Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a more ac- curate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained.人们已经设计出许多医疗器械,通过这些医疗器械,可以对血压有一个更为精确的了解。
Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works.来参观的人几乎无一不对他的作品的创造性留下深刻印象。
2?被非从句定语分隔,例如:
Singapore is at the start of a long road,already well trodden in the west,that leads to such solutions as shelter and rest homes.新加坡眼下正踏上一条西方国家早已走了很远的漫长道路,即最终建立收容所和休养院来解决问题。
Does this mean that in time fish might learn to leave alone all food on hooks that they have seen before?这难道不就意味着,鱼儿很快就可能学会避开那些它们常见的鱼钩上的食物吗?
3?被状语分隔,例如:
Never say anything behind a person's back that you wouldn't say to his face.当面不愿说的话,千万不要在背后说。
I remember viewing a half dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.我记得曾在一家椅子厂见过六个工人,他们的工作是将几根钢管弯曲并组成一把折椅。
4?被补语分隔,例如:
The cook turned pale,and asked the housem aid to shut the door,who asked Brittles,who asked the tinker,who pretended not to hear.厨子的脸色变得苍白,要女仆把门关上,女仆叫布立特尔关,布立特尔又叫补锅匠关,而补锅匠装着没听见。
5?被同位语分隔,例如:
One was a violent thunderstorm ,the worst I had ever seen,which obscured my objective.有一次是暴风骤雨,猛烈的程度实为我平生所仅见。这阵暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
二、定语从句与先行词分隔的原因
1?为了保持句子结构平衡,避免“头重脚轻”,将定语从句与先行词分隔,例如:
Mr.Leon said in the future,computer would be developed which would be small enough to carry in the pocket.利昂先生说,将来会生产出小得可以放在口袋里的计算机。
2?为了突出或强调主句中的主谓结构所表达的意义,将定语从句与先行词分隔,例如:
Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries,who will negotiate trade agreem ents with the respective govern-
ments.中国已派出贸易代表团前往非洲各国,以便与这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定。
The day is not far off when a lot of housework can be done by machine.大量家务活由机器来干的日子不远了。
3?先行词所带的非从句定语常需置于定语从句之前而造成先行词与定语从句分隔,例如:
There was som ething original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them .这个方案有创造性,而且别出心裁,又有魅力,所以深得他们的喜欢。
三、与先行词分隔的定语从句的汉译
1?将定语从句译为汉语“的”字结构,置于先行词之前,例如:
Yet there exist com plex computations in science and engineer-ing which people are unable to make.到目前为止,在科学和工程方面还存在许多人们无能为力的复杂计算。
He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century m entality.他全盘接受这一理论,只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合二十世纪心理的东西。
I think it is clear that each side entertainssuspicions of the other which are unjust.我认为双方显然相互怀着没有正当理由的猜疑。
2?将定语从句单独译为一个分句,例如:
There is som ebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends from your native town.有个人在外面等你,我想这个人可能就是你家乡的一位朋友。
The molecules exert forces upon each other,which depend upon the distance between them .分子相互之间存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们的距离。
The result of this is the retention of too much air in the respiratory tract at each expiration which prevents the fresh air from being taken in at the next inhalation from reaching the lung alveoli.其结果就是在每次呼气时呼吸道里保留过多的空气,这样就在下次吸气时妨碍吸入的新鲜空气抵达肺泡里。
3?将定语从句与先行词溶合译出,例如:
He is a wise man who speaks little.智者言少。
【篇四:6类常用词】
翻译时,只有对原作有透彻的理解,才能用译文语言准确地把它复述出来。理解主要是通过原文的上下文来进行。现在我们就词汇含义的理解来谈这个问题~~
1.名词:It is the two superpowers that should be responsible for the hostilities in the Middle East.应对中东战争(×敌对状态)负责的是两个超级大国。
有一些名词,特别是抽象名词的单数变成复数后,意义是不一样的。“hostility?单数作“enmity?,“ill will?“敌意”“敌视”解,但“hostilities?复数作“war?“战争”解。
2.动词:They were obviously quite impressed by the arguments that the Chinese were advancing.他们对中国人提出的(×正在前进)这种论点显然颇为赞同。
to advance作不及物动词用是“come or go forward?“前进”,在这里作及物动词用是“put forward?“提出”,宾语是arguments,应译为“提出论点”,that the Chinese were advancing是arguments的定语从句,而不是它的同位语从句。
3.副词:The basketball team was organized two years ago and it has yet to win a single game.这个篮球队两年前成立,还没赢过(×还得赢)一次比赛。
这里yet与不定式连用,含有“到目前为止还没有做某事”的意义。
虚词虽没有实际意义,在句中不能独立担任任何成分,可是由于误解虚词而引起的误译却也不少。
5.连词:And I do not know whether the sun will rot or dry what is left,so I had better eat it all although I am not hungry.
×我不知道太阳会不会把剩下的鱼给晒坏了,晒干了,所以倒不如把它统统吃下去,虽然我现在不饿。
or的选择意义没有译出来,成了并列意义,给人造成错觉,好像晒干了同晒坏了一样也是坏事,其实晒干了是好事。这句话应译成:
我不知道太阳会把剩下的鱼是晒坏了还是晒干了,……。
6.虚词not和其他词连用:(1)All that glitters is not gold.闪光的并非都是(×都不是)金子。
all和not连用表示部分否定。
(2)Let me know if this work is not excellent.告诉我这工作是否做得很(×不)出色。
not在这里是多余否定。它的存在与否,既不影响句子的意义,也不影响句子的结构,翻译时应省略不译。
7.词义的确定是最困难的事。有时英语一个词属于几个词类,在句中起不同的作用,具有不同的意义,而人们往往习惯于从它们通常所属的词类去确定词义,结果词类判断不对,词义也就选择不对。
(1)Stevens watched him turn down the glaring lamp,still its jangling pendants.
×史蒂文斯看着他把耀眼的灯放下来,又把发出刺耳响声的垂饰也放下来。
史蒂文斯看着他把耀眼的灯扭小,把发出刺耳响声的垂饰扶稳。
still这里不作副词“仍然”“还”讲,而作动词“使静止不动”讲。turn down是扭小,不是放下。
英语拥有大量的多义词,而且它们多半是常用词,有时一个词条往往可以举出几种乃至几十种意义。绝大多数情况下,一个词脱离了上下文是
不能翻译的。一个词的意义是它在语言中的应用。我们要通过它和其他词的搭配以及上下文做出选择,单凭自己所记得的最常用的意义去译,就不免要出错。
【篇五:并列平行结构】
英语常用并列连词,如and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only…but also, either…or或 neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分,这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是两个或几个动词的宾语、两个或几个名词的定语、两个或几个介词短语等。如果并列连词连接的是两个或几个简单句,则构成一个并列句,使用并列结构可以使文字简洁,结构紧凑,并避免重复。
1. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.
分析:句中由by引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。treated as…结构使用了倒装结构,因为the family roles后面有修饰成分,故将其置后。
译文:而个人主义的方法由于攻击性别角色,否定生理差别的重要性,攻击现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制,结果把对许多妇女来说非常重要的家庭角色完全视为无关紧要了。
2. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.
分析:介词by 后面的separate…personnel systems, diffusion…special services和the absence of…the government为三个并列成分。表示缺少详细记载的原因。句中一些词要转译。
译文:这个级别的联邦政府官员和职位没有完整的记载。对此(缺少详细记载)所做的解释可能是,各部门的条例和人事制度各不相同,分布的特殊服务部门太多并缺少一个中心机构(总统本人除外)来管理所有的政府高级官员。
3. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell.
分析:动词consider 后面的宾语是the wants of the customer。 非限定性定语从句who must buy… 修饰the customer,not the thing …but the thing…是并列成分。
4. The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress.
分析:该句中,to aid in 后面跟了四个并列的动名词,而四个并列的动名词后又跟了三个并列的宾语。
译文:广泛用来借以对学生、雇员和军事人员进行选拔、分类、分配任务或提拔的教育或心理方面的标准化测试,最近受到了书报杂志,甚至国会的抨击。
5. The lack of insistence on personal honor, the surface informality, the disparaging responses to compliments, and willingness to admit mistakes are part of the egalitarian tradition, as are the Americans’ pride in what they have been able to achieve and their criticism of things that fall short of perfection.
分析:该句的主句由四个并列的名词短语做主语,即The lack of insistence…,the surface informality, the disparaging responses…和willingness to admit mistakes。另外,值得一提的是, as 引导的比较状语从句使用了倒装语序。这是为了保持句子平衡。
译文:美国人一方面对所取得的成就感到自豪,一方面又对未臻完美的事物进行批评,这是其平等主义传统的一部分;同样,他们不坚持个人的面子,不拘表面的礼节,对别人的称赞采取自贬的态度,以及愿意承认错误,也是其平等主义传统的一部分。
6. Green, hilly, with abundant trees, it was a beautiful country, the Virginia-Kentucky border territory——or would have been, except for the mines.
分析:和it was a beautiful country 并列的分句(it) would have been是虚拟语气,后面省略了a beautiful country。Green, hilly, with abundant trees修饰a beautiful country,放在主句前是为了强调。
7. That is why women remain children their whole life long: never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, clinging to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.
分析:该句中,四个现在分词短语构成并列结构,做状语。对前面的表语从句进行补充说明。
译文:那就是为什么妇女一生都不成熟:从来都只看见眼前的事情,都只抓住眼前的一刻,都把表面当本质,都倾心于琐事而放过至关重要的事。
8. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.
分析:该句有两个并列的由and 连接的原因状语从句,都是由since引导,available to the poor修饰money, purchasable with a given supply of money修饰the amount of power。主句中的从句unless accompanied by other measures分割了is likely和to be ineffective in a wealthy society。
译文:但是,既然贫穷与穷人可得到的货币绝对供应量无关,而是无权力所造成的,既然用一定量的货币所能购买的权力量随着一个社会获得的商品和服务量的增加而下降,那么提高穷人收入的解决办法在一个富裕社会很可能不会奏效,除非同时采取其他的措施。
9. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
分析:old story是句子的表语,后面有两个介词短语做定语。它们在结构上是相同的,在连词until后面都有状语从句。翻译时也要译成两个平行的句子。
【篇六:省略词】
英语中词的省略现象很多。其目的是为了符合英语表达习惯和修辞特点。省略词语决不是可以随意增删词句,而是要必须遵循以下几条原则:
1) 可有可无的,或是多余的。
2) 省略的词义已经体现在上下文中。
阅读时,必须根据上下文找出英语中省略的词语翻译时再根据汉语的习惯进行适当增补。
1.Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of setting their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.
分析:介词短语by seeing which side…前省略了setting their disputes。seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side与saying that that side which has killed most has won是介词by后的两个并列成分。
译文:打仗意味着残杀,。文明的民族应该能够找到某种解决争端的方法,而不是通过看哪一方能消灭另一方更多的人,然后说*最多的一方获胜来解决争端。胜者不仅胜了,而且还因为胜利而有理。
2. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.
分析:这是一个由but连接的并列句。其中第二个分句的主语是一个主语从句。由于该主语从句的主谓宾与第一个分句相同,所以被全部省略。只剩下疑问副词how。
译文:任何东西,从宇宙射线到辐射,以至日常饮食,都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因,但如何激活的,仍然不得而知。
3. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn expect to the nearest cabin or settlement.
分析:在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式状语从句中,如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同(或为it),而从句的谓语又含有be(包括连系动词be和助动词be),则可以省略“主语+be”
英语中词的省略现象很多。其目的是为了符合英语表达习惯和修辞特点。省略词语决不是可以随意增删词句,而是要必须遵循以下几条原则:
1) 可有可无的,或是多余的。
2) 省略的词义已经体现在上下文中。
阅读时,必须根据上下文找出英语中省略的词语翻译时再根据汉语的习惯进行适当增补。
1.Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of setting their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.
分析:介词短语by seeing which side…前省略了setting their disputes。seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side与saying that that side which has killed most has won是介词by后的两个并列成分。
译文:打仗意味着残杀,。文明的民族应该能够找到某种解决争端的方法,而不是通过看哪一方能消灭另一方更多的人,然后说*最多的一方获胜来解决争端。胜者不仅胜了,而且还因为胜利而有理。
2. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.
分析:这是一个由but连接的并列句。其中第二个分句的主语是一个主语从句。由于该主语从句的主谓宾与第一个分句相同,所以被全部省略。只剩下疑问副词how。
译文:任何东西,从宇宙射线到辐射,以至日常饮食,都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因,但如何激活的,仍然不得而知。
3. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn expect to the nearest cabin or settlement.
分析:在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式状语从句中,如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同(或为it),而从句的谓语又含有be(包括连系动词be和助动词be),则可以省略“主语+be”
8. You see, dear, I know that the stick-in- the- mud people are doing us a good turn and themselves a bad one by going back to secret trials and executions so soon, and I know that if you who are left stand together steadily and hit hard, you will see great things.
分析:这是并列复合句。主干结构是I know that…and I know that…。两个that 引起两个宾语从句。第一个宾语从句中省略了are doing themselves a bad turn。第二个宾语从句中有一个条件状语从句。
译文:你瞧,亲爱的,我知道那些陷入泥潭的家伙,如此迫不及待地重新使用起秘密审讯和秘密处决的手段,这实际上是在帮我们的忙,而害了他们自己;我还知道,如果你们留下来的人能够坚定地团结一致,给他们以狠狠的打击,你们就会取得伟大的成就。
9. To get a description of direction along the line, we shall call the line on one side of the origin positive, on the other side negative.
分析:“to get…”不定式短语表示目的。on the other side 前面省略了and we shall call the line,后面省略了of the origin。翻译时应把省略的部分补出来。
译文:为了描述这条直线的方向,我们把位于原点一侧的直线叫做正的,而把位于原点另一侧的直线叫做负的。
10. When the media add interpretation and analysis, as they must to do their job fully, strong dislike of the messengers may become intense.
分析:as 引导的从句说明when从句的内容,可以说是从句的从句,翻译时放在主句之后,起补充说明作用。句中must 后省略了谓语add interpretation and analysis。
【篇七:否定句】
英汉两种语言在表达否定的方式和手段上有很大差别。比如说,英语中否定句的否定范围具有不同的情况。因此,英语中的很多否定句都是有歧义的。在阅读时只能通过上下文来得出正确的结论,排除歧义。此外,英语中否定句的重心也是阅读中应当注意的问题。一般说来,从语法上来看,not与谓语动词连用时,是否定谓语动词的;no与名词连用时,是否定名词的。但是,从否定的重心来看,却并非如此。举个简单例子:Don’t give up because it is difficult.这句话就只能理解为:不要因为困难就放弃。另外,还需要注意的是,不定代词中的every、all、both以及副词quite、always等,与否定词结合时,不是全部否定,而是部分否定,即,不是“全不是”,而是“不全是”。以上所说的都是在阅读否定句时应当注意的问题,希望大家通过以下的例句仔细揣摩,认真体会。
1. Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.
分析:这句话主要涉及的是否定的范围问题。如果把because从句排除在否定范围之外,其意思为:“……因为我觉得教书容易,所以没有教书……”(= …because teaching is very easy for me, I don’t teach…);如果把because从句包括在否定范围之内,则为:“……我之所以教书,并不是因为我觉得教书容易……”(=…I teach, but it isn’t because teaching is easy for me…)。虽然这两句话的上下文表明,后一种理解更加符合逻辑,但是在实际的使用过程中,“not…because”这一结构也有可能出现将because从句排除在否定范围之外的情况。所以由此不难看出,because与否定词连用时,根据上下文的不同常常有两种含义。但是在具体的句子中,一般只有一种是符合逻辑的。
译文:当然,我之所以教书,并不是因为我觉得教书容易。我之所以教书,也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题,或者因为我满腹学问,情不自禁地要与别人分享。
这句真经典……都绕晕了……
2. When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.
分析:在这句话中,“hardly…without”构成了“双重否定”(double negation)。虽然只有without在词形上具有明显的否定特征,但是hardly(以及scarcely, barely, few, little等)虽然没有明显的否定特征,却有否定的词义。实际上,双重否定表达的是肯定的意思,因此在翻译成汉语时,既可以将原句按照两个否定的形式表述出来,也可按照否定的语气译出。
译文:电灯又亮了,该城的人们打开开关的时候,想必几乎人人都会想到,电灯是随时可供他们使用的多么有用的东西呀。
3. All that glitters is not gold.
分析:这是一个典型的“部分否定”(partial negation)的例子。高中时狒狒一直不明白。“all…not”从表面上看来,往往会被当作“全部否定”(total negation),因而经常被译成“所有……都不……”。实际上,这个结构所表达的意思通常是“部分否定”的。意思相当于“并不是所有……都……”。因此,遇到这种结构的时候,要根据上下文和逻辑关系进行分析。
4. It’s a beautiful cottage not more than five minutes from the nearest beach.
分析:注意“not more than + 数词(或名词)”与“no more than + 数词(或名词)”这两个结构在意思和口气上的差别。前者没有什么特殊含义,只是客观地表示“不超过”、“至多”等意思;而后者则带有讲话者的主观看法或口气,强调数量之少或者事物之小以及微不足道。一般可以译做“仅仅”、“只不过”等。
译文:那是一幢漂亮的村舍,离最近的海滩仅5分钟的路程。
5. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock.
分析:that引导的从句that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible是realization的同位语从句。介词for相当于in spite of。句子中的not inexhaustible为双重否定结构。第二句中也用了not without双重否定结构。有否定词without的双重否定结构,翻译时一般可以译成肯定句。但是,在需要加强语气的时候,也可以译成双重否定句。
译文:人们越来越认识到,尽管海洋无边无垠,但其资源并不是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其遭致灭绝的危险,或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁衍生息。
6. One cannot be too careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case.
分析:在这句话中,cannot be too careful不能理解为“不能太谨慎”,因为联系句子后半部分的状语从句中来看,逻辑上是讲不通的。实际上,“cannot be too…”这个结构虽然形式上为否定,但是意思上并非否定,而是起到一种加强肯定语气的作用。通常可以译做:“无论怎样……也不会过分”、“越……越好”等,这种结构的变形有“can never(或scarcely, hardly等)…too + adj.(或adv.)”等。
7. One private school served notice when it opened that “ no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered.”
分析:该句的主干结构是“One private school served notice…”。名词notice与其同位语从句“that “ no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered”被 when引导的状语从句分割。该句中no所表达的否定往往转移到谓语动词上。
译文:一所私立学校开学时发布通知说:“凡属非绅士圈中者皆不得进入本校,小商贩决不予以考虑。”
8. But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles.
分析:这是一个主从复合句。what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them是guess的定语从句,what引导这个从句。该句中的we显然指后面的men and women,所以翻译时要灵活。
译文:但对曾有过几代共产主义思想的人们来说,将来的世界看上去将是什么样子,人们还很难做出推测。现在人们总是把他们之间的手足之情看作是理所应当的事,认为生活本来就是这样,而不是当作理想的目标来看待。然而,他们知道这种手足之情只有通过巨大的努力才能得到。
9. True, not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself; but deep down inside I have that marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrate whole person, not afraid of being just what I am.
分析:这是一个省略句,补全应该是这样的:It is true that …。两个as都是连词,意思是“像”、“如同”。deep down inside是but从句中的状语,意思是“内心深处”。that comes是feeling的定语从句。翻译该句,要从that处断开,把that从句译成一个表示原因的状语从句。省略的部分不需要增补。
【篇八:比较结构】
从语法上讲,有以下几种结构可以比较:
1) 如果要表达人与人、事物与事物之间是相似的,就可以用as 或是 like。此外,so do I, neither / nor do I 等也表示相似。
2) 当要表达的事物之间在某一方面一样时,可用 as…as…(后接形容词或副词)和 as much / many…as…(后接名词或动词)结构。
3) 表达事物之间差别的结构可采用 more (…than) 或 less (…than),后可接形容词、副词、动词或名词。但要注意的是 more…than 还可译作“与其说……,不如说……”,在这种结构里,more + 形容词(或副词)并不构成比较结构。另外还要注意的是,在 more…than 以后的英语虽然是肯定的,但译成中文必须是否定的。
实际上,英语的比较结构比较复杂,阅读时应注意英汉两种语言在表达上的差异。
1. “What we take out of the sea is no longer as important as what we do not put into it,” said a noted underwater explorer, describing how pollution of sea-life cycles ultimately threatened even terrestrial respiration.
分析:What we take out of the sea是主语从句,它与what we do not put into从句相比较。这里把从海洋中获取资源和向海洋倾倒生活和工业垃圾造成严重的污染后果进行比较。否定词在as 从句的比较结构中常见,但是在“ not…as (well等) as”结构中只否定前面的部分,后面的部分表示肯定。本句中为了强调what we do not put into it,翻译时前置,并使用了肯定语气。
译文:一位的海底探险家在说明海洋生物界的污染最终甚至会对陆地生物的呼吸产生威胁时指出,“现在我们不往海里倾倒什么,已经比我们从海洋中捞取什么更为重要了。”
2. Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.
分析:no nobler nor more ambitious 中的 nor 是连词,常与 neither 或 nor 连用,有时也与 no, never 等表示否定的词连用。主句是含有 no more…than 的普通比较句型。分词短语tapping the new spirit 是表示目的的状语。本句选自美国前总统卡特在1977年的就职演说。
译文:为了发扬这种新的精神,在这一新的开端开始之际,对美国来说,最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任务是帮助建立一个真正人道、正义、和平的世界。
3. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
分析:本句虽然短,但要理解和正确翻译并不容易。首先,no more 可以换成 not any more;其次,than 后面的部分,表面上看上去是肯定的,但是实际上是否定的。这个 no more…than 的真正意思是 not…just as…not(不……正如……不……一样),than 的前后两部分都是否定的。注意它和 not more…than 的区别:not more…than 的意思是“不比……更”。
译文:鲸不是鱼,正如马不是鱼一样。
4. A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.
分析:no less…than正好与 no more…than 意思相反,than 前后两部分都是肯定的,它的意思是 quite as…as (是……也是……)。再者,注意它和 no less…than 的区别:no less…than 的意思是“在……方面不亚于”。
译文:鲸是哺乳动物,正如马是哺乳动物一样。
5. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
分析:arisen 后面的基本结构是 less through…and more from…,意思是“与其说……
倒不如说……”。as an intellectual discipline 中的as 的意思是“作为”,整个短语修饰history,即把历史作为一门学问。但前面的challenge to 则对此说法提出挑战。本句应当采用意译法为好,例如:interest…arisen,如果译成“对历史方法的兴趣已经产生”,不如译为“人们对历史研究的方法产生了兴趣”。
译文:人们之所以关注历史研究的方*,其原因主要不在于外界对历史学是否是一门严格意义上的学问提出质疑,而在于历史学家内部的相互争吵。
6. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
分析:这是一个主从复合句。to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being 是 extent 的定语从句。that can make the difference between a full and an empty life 是 psychological well-being 的定语从句。intangible,crucial 和 psychological 这三个形容词很容易被误认为是平行结构,事实上,intangible,crucial是修饰 psychological well-being 的。翻译本句不能用直译,例如extent 就不能直接译出来。故采用意译为主。
译文:但我们很少认识到,工作在心理健康方面给予我们的决定生活是充实还是空虚的那种难以察觉、但至关重要的东西有多少。
7. The aims of our present-day culture are avowedly ease and material well being: shorter hours; a shorter week; more return for less accomplishment; more soft-soap excuses and fewer honest, realistic demands.
分析:本句虽然很长,却是简单句。句子的主干是 the aims are avowedly ease and material well being,除此之外,后面的全部与aims 是同位语关系,进一步说明aims 。比较结构用的是形容词的比较级 shorter hours, more return…。翻译时采用顺序法。形容词的比较级则译为汉语的偏正结构。
译文:我们当代文明承认的目标就是追求舒适和物质享受:每天的工作时间越来越短;每周的工作日越来越少;以少的成就换取多的报酬;姑息宽容的理由越多,正当而又实际的要求就越少。
8. Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than it is now——so appealing in fact, that even those who are in the process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow them to marry again.
分析:本句是主从复合句,than 后面跟的是一个句子:it is (popular) now,appealing 的逻辑主语是marriage,其主干结构是 so…that…; that 引导的状语从句表示结果。在该状语从句中还有who 引导的定语从句,修饰those,wait for 与否定词连用,表示“急于做某事”。翻译时采用顺序法。但是who 从句需要译成定语。
译文:婚姻从未像现在这样受大众欢迎,为大众所渴望。事实上,婚姻是如此地吸引人,以至那些正在办理离婚手续的人,几乎等不到法律的判决,就想再度结婚了。
9. Much as she loved her cat, we may imagine that she was more horror than grief-stricken at her discovery.
分析:本句中的as 放在主语前面,并与副词连用,引导让步状语从句,意思是“尽管”。在该句中还有 that 引导的宾语从句,作 imagine 的宾语。比较级结构中,总是拿两个同类的事物或概念做比较。
译文:尽管她很爱那只猫,但是我们可以想象,当她发现那只猫的样子时,与其说是伤心至极,不如说是惊恐万分.
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