英语同位语从句的判定技巧
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英语同位语从句的判定技巧 英语教学和学习中，同位语从句和定语从句的区别是一大难点，对于初学者尤其困难；这也是令中学英语教师头疼的一个语法难点。多数语法书上只简单地说，凡是从句前面有fact, news, suggestion, 等名词，一般多为同位语从句。这对于初学者快速入门也算是一个简便的方法。但这并没有真正解决问题。因为没有解释清楚同位语从句和定语从句的根本区别，为以后学生的学习和老师的教学埋下了隐患。实际上，从句前面有这些名词时，并不一定就是同位语从句，也有可能是定语从句。 例如：Do you believe the news that our team has won the match ? Do you believe the news (that / which ) John told us ? 很明显，前者是同位语从句，从句的引导连词that 不能改为which，也不可以省略掉，且从句内部不缺主语和宾语；而后者则是定语从句，从句的引导连词，即关系代词可换成which，也可以省略掉，因为that在从句内部代替news作told的直接宾语。 那么究竟该还如何准确快速地区别同位语从句和定语从句呢？ 首先，二者分属于英语复合句中的不同类别。英语复合句分为名词性从句，形容词性定语从句，和副词性状语从句三大类。同位语从句属于复合句中的名词性从句，和大家很熟悉的宾语从句是一类；而定语从句则属于英语复合句中的形容词性从句，单独自成一类。 其次，引导两种从句的连词不完全一样，即便有相同的，它们在各自的从句中的功能也不一样。如，同位语从句最常用的引导连词that，在所有名词性从句（无论是宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句还是同位语从句）内部都不做任何成分。它只是一个结构性引导符号，没有实际意思，并且不能换成其它的连词；而that在定语从句中则必须做主语或宾语，它的实际意思是指代前面的被修饰的名次或代词，即先行词。 第三，同位语从句和它前面的名词之间没有修饰和被修饰的关系，是平等同位关系，同位语从句表示的是前面那个名词的具体内容；而定语从句和前面的名词之间有修饰和被修饰的关系，它不能表明前面那个名词的具体内容。 由上述可以看出来，同位语从句可以从三个方面加以区别： 第一，同位语从句能表明前面那个名词的具体内容；它和宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句一样同属于名词性从句这个类别； 第二，同一个名词性从句，可以一字不变地做主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。可以和宾语从句等转换； 第三，同位语从句中的that不在从句中作任何成分，从句不缺主语；不缺或不需要宾语。 例如：That our team has won the match is exciting news. (主语从句) The exciting news is that our team has won the match. (表语从句) I have heard that our team has won the match. (宾语从句) I have heard the news that our team has won the match. (同位语从句) 上述四个句子中，名词性从句that our team has won the match 一字不变地分别作主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。充分说明它们本质是一样的，是同一种从句----名词性从句。引导连词从句内部不缺主语和宾语，that在从句内部不做任何成分。 后两个例句可以看出来，同位语从句和我们最熟悉的宾语从句可以方便地转换，而定语从句则不能。我们可以利用这个特点来快速准确地判定一个以that引导的从句是否是同位语从句。 方法如下： 同位语从句连同that一起可以转换为前面那个名词对应动词的宾语从句或 know，believe，hear 等的宾语从句；且转换后的句子语法结构完整；逻辑意思通顺。若是定语从句，转换后必定语法结构不完整，逻辑意思不通。 suggestion对应的动词是suggest；hope对应名词是hope；feeling对应的动词是feel；belief对应的动词是believe。 例1：Do you believe the news that our team has won the match ? Do you believe the news that John told us ? 第一个句子可以转换成：Do you believe that our team has won the match? 句子语法结构完整，意思逻辑通顺，且说明了news的具体内容，它是同位语从句。 第二个句子转换成：Do you believe that John told us ? 很明显，转换后，句子语法结构不完整，逻辑意思不通，也没有说明news的具体内容究竟是什么。它是定语从句。 例2：They didn’t accept the suggestion that the meeting be put off. They didn’t accept the suggestion that Tom made at the meeting. 转换检测：He suggested that the meeting be put off. 完整通顺，且that从句表明了suggestion的具体内容，是同位语从句；He suggested that Tom made at the meeting. 语法结构不完整，逻辑意思讲不通，且that从句没有说明suggestion的具体内容，是定语从句。 例3：He tried again, with the belief that he might succeed this time. He tried again, with the belief that his parents had in him. 第一句：that从句说明了belief的具体内容；He believed that he might succeed this time.通顺正确，是同位语从句。 第二句：that从句没说明belief的具体内容；He believed that his parents had in him. 讲不通是错句，是定语从句。 例4：He suddenly had a feeling that he had never had before. He had a feeling that he was being followed. 第一句：that从句没有说明feeling的具体内容，且He felt that he had never had before.不通，是定语从句。 第二句：that 从句说明了feeling的具体内容，且He felt that he was being followed.通顺正确，是同位语从句。 由上面我们可以看出，判断某个名词后面的that从句是同位语从句的关键是：that从句说明了这个名词的具体内容；并且这个that从句可以一字不变地，语法结构完整，意思逻辑通顺地作某个动词的宾语从句。 当然，还有个别名词的同位语从句还可以用wh-连词来引导，如，question, doubt,等，主要看名词后面的从句是否说明了该名词的具体内容；还可以用系动词be把该名词和后面的从句连起来，变成一个表语从句看看是否语法结构完整，逻辑意思通顺。 例5： He failed to answer the question which the teacher asked. Scientists are trying to answer the question how universe came into being. 第一句：从句没有说明question的内容；The question is which the teacher asked. 是错句，讲不通，所以是定语从句。 第二句：从句说明了question的具体内容；且The question is how universe came into being.是通顺正确的，所以是同位语从句。 练习：判断下列从句是同位语从句还是定语从句 1. The question which Tom raised led to a heated discussion. 2. No one can answer the question which is the best of the three. 3. He is determined to live up to the hope that the his parents have laid on him. 4. He didn’t walk away, with the hope that they would soon return to find him. 5. He ran all the way home, with the news that he had been chosen. 6. He ran all the way home, with the news that his classmates told him. Keys: 1.定 2. 同 3. 定 4. 同 5. 同 6. 定 本文来源：https://www.wddqw.com/doc/40a8d18eec06eff9aef8941ea76e58fafbb04576.html