2019考研英语翻译真题|2019考研英语翻译基础复习技巧【6-11】

【#考研# 导语】愿你是一棵树：春天，吐一山淡淡的香味；夏天，洒一抹如泉的凉荫；秋天，举一树甜甜的青果；冬天，做一个养精蓄锐的好梦！以下是®文档大全网为大家整理的《2019考研英语翻译基础复习技巧【6-11】》供您查阅。

【篇一：定语从句】

定语从句的翻译方法主要有以下四种：

前置法：把定语从句的内容翻译成"……的"，放在被修饰词的前面。

后置法：把定语从句的翻译放在被修饰词之后，定语从句的后置翻译分为三类：由which引导定语从句时一般翻译为"这";另一些引导词则在翻译时重复先行词，即被修饰词;还有一些引导词在翻译时可以省略不译。

融合法：将定语从句与主句融合为一个简单句的方法。这种用法往往用在"there be"结构带有定语从句的句型中。

状译法：如果主句和定语从句之间有明显逻辑关系，则翻译为状语。

【真题例句1】

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

【解析】

可以拆分为：Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raised //in an environment// where there are many stimuli //which develop his or her capacity //for appropriate responses //will experience greater intellectual development.

本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引导suggest的宾语从句，动词是will experience;who引导修饰child的定语从句，动词为is raised;where引导修饰environment的定语从句，动词为are;which引导修饰stimuli的定语从句，动词为develop。who引导的定语从句的翻译运用了"状译法"，翻译为"如果……那么……";where引导的定语从句因比较短小而采取了前置法，放到了先行词environment的前面，翻译为"……的";which引导的定语从句翻译为转折关系。

【参考译文】

行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。

【真题例句2】

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

【解析】

可以拆分为：The Greeks assumed //that the structure of language had some connection// with the process of thought, //which took root// in Europe //long before people realized //how diverse languages could be.

本句的主干即是：The Greeks assumed。That引导assumed的宾语从句，动词为had;which引导定语从句修饰前面的整个宾语从句，即希腊人的观点，句中动词是took;在此定语从句中，long before引导时间状语从句，动词是realized;其中how引导realized的宾语从句，从句动词为could be。which引导的定语从句在翻译时重复先行词，即前面整句，译为"这一观点"。

【参考译文】

希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

【篇二：分词句式】

1.分词作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果(补充说明)、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

2.分词作定语，做定语的单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(与名词是动宾关系)。

在翻译时，需首先判断分词在句子中所承担的成分，然后参照定语从句和状语从句的相关翻译技巧来翻译即可。

【真题例句1】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

【解析】Being interested in…现在分词结构作状语，表原因。本句是一个主从复合句。句子的主干为"Whorf developed the idea"，Being interested in…现在分词结构作状语，表原因。That引导同位语从句进一步解释说明idea。

【参考译文】沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，因此逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯性思维的结构。

【真题例句2】The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

【解析】划线部分为过去分词作定语，句子的主干为"The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science."。介词结构on data作后置定语修饰限定emphasis，过去分词结构gathered…作后置定语修饰限定data，过去分词结构combined with…作定语修饰限定emphasis，过去分词结构brought to作后置定语修饰限定perspective。

【参考译文】强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去与现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得人类学研究成为一门独特而且非常重要的社会科学。

【真题例句3】Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.

【解析】现在分词结构Feeling threatened作状语，表原因;现在分词结构trying to…作状语，表目的。句子的主干为"companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels"，现在分词结构Feeling threatened作状语，表原因;现在分词结构trying to…作状语，表目的。

【参考译文】公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预

先标明种种可能发生的事故。

【篇三：代词句式】

代词句式

(一)人称代词及物主代词的指代

【真题例句】

Additional social stress may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

【解析】

从结构来看，该句because of 的后边接两个名词短语the population explosion和problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport来表示原因。其中，第二个名词短语又含有一个短语themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,来补充说明mass migration movements。因此，这里的代词themselves 指代名词短语mass migration movements。

【参考译文】由于人口的猛增或大量的人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流通变得相对容易)造成的种种问题也回对社会造成新的压力。

(二)不定代词的指代

【真题例句】

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

【解析】

不定代词one 指代名词短语definition of history。在这里one 和物主代词及人称代词在指代名词方面有所不同, one 指代上文出现的名词的同类名词，其中，one 表示单数，ones表示复数;而物主代词及人称代词必须指代上文中出现的名词本身，所以单复数必须一致。比如这里若要用人称代词，则必须用they/them来指代上文中复数形式的definitions of history。

【参考译文】几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重*实并对其作出解释。

(三)指示代词的指代

【真题例句】

Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.

【解析】

这里的this指代前面的a responsibility to the society，如果只是译成"这个"，则会造成语义不明。在to mankind之前省去了Everybody has a responsibility (to)。

【参考译文】每个人都对他所属的社会负有责任，并且通过对社会负责任，而对人类负有责任。

【篇四：分割结构】

语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中，分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如，英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联，它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是，在有些情况下，或是为了保持句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻，或是为了语义严密，结构紧凑，在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外，还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之，英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末，使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息，即语意重点放在句末)。同时，在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。

1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.

分析：本句的主干结构是：Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。under a spell：被迷住，着迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语，起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句when they considered women at all 是定语从句who considered women in the West中的状语成分。

译文：从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女，就会描述西部妇女，而且都被特纳迷住。

2. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.

分析：本句的主干结构是：…there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…”是过去分词短语，修饰 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。

译文：在最后的八年里，进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判，其间屡经失败之虞，但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关，取得了胜利。

3. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

分析：the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译，将其翻译为分句。

4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.

分析：in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定语从句which…之间，起到承上启下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics为investigations 的后置定语，起到分割作用。

译文：由于剩余价值的发现，使问题明朗化了。而先前，无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

5. A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.

分析：lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“更好地”。

译文：更好地了解中国的文明，将为我们打开一个知识的王国，对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。

6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.

分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割，做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多，翻译时可把名词转译为动词。

7. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构，作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。

译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其他两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。

8. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.

分析：这是一个由but引导的并列句。前一分句较简单，who引导的从句作those 的定语，but 后的从句较复杂，从句套从句，for retention…dead是argument的定语。因为它比较长，所以把谓语动词can be found放在它和argument之间，形成分割结构。该句较长，可以分为三层：第一层是those…retention，第二层是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三层是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用顺序法翻译。

译文：那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由，但是肯定找不到合理的论据来保留那令人厌恶的繁文缛节。这一套繁文缛节从法官戴上顶在假发上的擦笔布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之时开始，一直伴随到为被判处死刑的人在其毙命之前诵读葬礼祷文为止。

9. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.

分析：这是一个很典型的分割结构。主干结构是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修饰它的介词短语被一个长长的by短语分割。

译文：第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任工职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在研究工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。

10.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.

分析：连词as 引导的比较状语从句中，it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。

8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构，作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。

译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其他两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。

9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.

分析：这是一个由but引导的并列句。前一分句较简单，who引导的从句作those 的定语，but 后的从句较复杂，从句套从句，for retention…dead是argument的定语。因为它比较长，所以把谓语动词can be found放在它和argument之间，形成分割结构。该句较长，可以分为三层：第一层是those…retention，第二层是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三层是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用顺序法翻译。

译文：那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由，但是肯定找不到合理的论据来保留那令人厌恶的繁文缛节。这一套繁文缛节从法官戴上顶在假发上的擦笔布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之时开始，一直伴随到为被判处死刑的人在其毙命之前诵读葬礼祷文为止。

10. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.

分析：这是一个很典型的分割结构。主干结构是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修饰它的介词短语被一个长长的by短语分割。

【篇五：被分割定语从句】

通常，定语从句紧跟在先行词之后，但在具体的运用中，往往也出现有定语从句与先行词被分隔的现象。本文就定语从句与先行词分隔的种种情况、分隔的原因及其汉译进行探讨。

一、定语从句与先行词分隔的形式

1?被谓语分隔，例如：

Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a more ac- curate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained.人们已经设计出许多医疗器械，通过这些医疗器械，可以对血压有一个更为精确的了解。

Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works.来参观的人几乎无一不对他的作品的创造性留下深刻印象。

2?被非从句定语分隔，例如：

Singapore is at the start of a long road，already well trodden in the west，that leads to such solutions as shelter and rest homes.新加坡眼下正踏上一条西方国家早已走了很远的漫长道路，即最终建立收容所和休养院来解决问题。

Does this mean that in time fish might learn to leave alone all food on hooks that they have seen before?这难道不就意味着，鱼儿很快就可能学会避开那些它们常见的鱼钩上的食物吗?

3?被状语分隔，例如：

Never say anything behind a person's back that you wouldn't say to his face.当面不愿说的话，千万不要在背后说。

I remember viewing a half dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.我记得曾在一家椅子厂见过六个工人，他们的工作是将几根钢管弯曲并组成一把折椅。

4?被补语分隔，例如：

The cook turned pale，and asked the housem aid to shut the door，who asked Brittles，who asked the tinker，who pretended not to hear.厨子的脸色变得苍白，要女仆把门关上，女仆叫布立特尔关，布立特尔又叫补锅匠关，而补锅匠装着没听见。

5?被同位语分隔，例如：

One was a violent thunderstorm ，the worst I had ever seen，which obscured my objective.有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我平生所仅见。这阵暴风雨遮住了我的目标。

二、定语从句与先行词分隔的原因

1?为了保持句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，将定语从句与先行词分隔，例如：

Mr.Leon said in the future，computer would be developed which would be small enough to carry in the pocket.利昂先生说，将来会生产出小得可以放在口袋里的计算机。

2?为了突出或强调主句中的主谓结构所表达的意义，将定语从句与先行词分隔，例如：

Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries，who will negotiate trade agreem ents with the respective govern-

ments.中国已派出贸易代表团前往非洲各国，以便与这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定。

The day is not far off when a lot of housework can be done by machine.大量家务活由机器来干的日子不远了。

3?先行词所带的非从句定语常需置于定语从句之前而造成先行词与定语从句分隔，例如：

There was som ething original，independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them .这个方案有创造性，而且别出心裁，又有魅力，所以深得他们的喜欢。

三、与先行词分隔的定语从句的汉译

1?将定语从句译为汉语“的”字结构，置于先行词之前，例如：

Yet there exist com plex computations in science and engineer-ing which people are unable to make.到目前为止，在科学和工程方面还存在许多人们无能为力的复杂计算。

He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century m entality.他全盘接受这一理论，只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合二十世纪心理的东西。

I think it is clear that each side entertainssuspicions of the other which are unjust.我认为双方显然相互怀着没有正当理由的猜疑。

2?将定语从句单独译为一个分句，例如：

There is som ebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends from your native town.有个人在外面等你，我想这个人可能就是你家乡的一位朋友。

The molecules exert forces upon each other，which depend upon the distance between them .分子相互之间存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们的距离。

The result of this is the retention of too much air in the respiratory tract at each expiration which prevents the fresh air from being taken in at the next inhalation from reaching the lung alveoli.其结果就是在每次呼气时呼吸道里保留过多的空气，这样就在下次吸气时妨碍吸入的新鲜空气抵达肺泡里。

3?将定语从句与先行词溶合译出，例如：

He is a wise man who speaks little.智者言少。

【篇六：倒装句】

为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。

1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。

译文：例如，它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。

2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.

分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。

译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。

3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.

分析：该句的Much as I have traveled是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much，但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。

译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职业。

4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.

分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是，如果only修饰的不是状语，则不用倒装。

译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正确。

5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒装。

译文：1980年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。

6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.

分析：hardly…when 的结构表示“刚…就…”。含有这种结构的句子常将 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外，hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时，而 when(或 before)分句中使用过去时。还有，与 hardly…when…结构类似的用法还有 barely (scarcely)…when…

译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。

7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.

分析：such…that 结构可将such或含有such 的词组放在句首，使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so…that结构。

译文：她在排演中搞得太过分，以致两名男演员退出不干了。

8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.

分析：本句为表语前置，表示强调。正常语序应为：It is certain that…。

译文：植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。

9. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.

分析：这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接，从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置

译文：我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋，而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.

分析：正常语序应为：The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。为使语言生动形象，文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里bear=carry。

译文：从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车，车上坐着学校最的人物。

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